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Geography > The Changing Economic Wolrd > Flashcards

The Changing Economic Wolrd Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between HIC, LIC and NEE’s?

A

LIC - GNI per capita of $1045 or less
HIC - GNI per capita of $12736 or above
NEE - countries that have begun to experience high rates of economic development, usually with rapid industrialisation

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2
Q

What are the limitations of social and economic development measures ?

A
  • data can be out of date
  • data can be hard to collect in rural areas
  • doesn’t show the inequalities within a country
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3
Q

What is the demographic transition model ?

A

The DTM shows changes over time in the population, birth rate and death rate of a country

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4
Q

What links the DTN with development ?

A

As the stage increases so does the development
Stage 1 - high birth and death rate, due to no birth control and disease and famine
Stage 2 - death rate decreases, birthrate remains high
Stage 3 - birthrate drops rapidly, death rate continues to decrease but slower
Stage 4 - low birthrate, low death rate
Stage 5 - birthrate becomes very low and death rate increases slightly due to aging population

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5
Q

What are the physical causes of uneven development ?

A

Physical causes:
- landlocked countries no access to sea, so no trade via ships, which is important for economic growth
- climate related diseases, increased disease means less people are healthy and able to work
- extreme weather like tropical storms, droughts and floods, this can slow development as money is needed to repair the damages

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6
Q

What are the economic causes of uneven development ?

A
  • trade - large TNC’s in HIC’s have lots of power, they want to pay as little as possible for raw materials which come from LIC’s which decreases their income, (copper in Zambia account for 60% of their exports)
  • manufacturing - processing of raw materials ,which is what adds value, normally happens in HIC’s, this way the HIC’s get richer and development in LIC’s is slow
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7
Q

What are the historical causes of uneven development ?

A
  • colonialism, from 1400 European countries set out to control new territories often seeking resources such as gold. And many people In LIC’s were enslaved and wealth produced went back to HIC’s.
  • once independent some countries faced challenged in restructuring their economies and political systems, different ethnic groups and religions caused political instability. issues with corruption have affected the rate of economic development
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8
Q

What is the trade trap and how does it prevent development ?

A

1) country is LIC
2) country only has the skills for farming and many countries produce the same produce
3) there are only a few TNC buyers and they buy from whoever gives the lowest price (power imbalance)
4)attempts to invest in better technology means LIC has to raise prices
5)TNC buyers buy from a different LIC leading to a decrease in revenue
6)this means LIC’s can’t invest in new machinery, meaning they still are only able to farm

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9
Q

What is the debt spiral And How does it prevent Development ?

A

1) country is an LIC
2) LIC borrows money to pay for basic needs/ development ambitions
3) debt expands
4) all earnings are committed to debt repayment (often just interest) rather than investing in new technologies
5) money is still needed for development ambitions
6) country has to borrow again

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10
Q

What are the consequences of uneven development?

A

Uneven development leads to disparities in:
- health
- wealth
- international migration

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11
Q

How has uneven development lead to disparities in Wealth ?

A
  • north America holds 34% of global wealth
  • Africa only hold 1% of global wealth
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12
Q

How has uneven development lead to disparities in health ?

A

LIC’s are limited in their ability to invest in good quality health care
In LIC’s:
- 4 in every 10 deaths are in children 15 or below
- infectious diseases account for 1/3 of deaths
In HIC’s:
- 7 in 10 deaths are 70 years or older
- only 1 in a 100 deaths is under 15

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13
Q

How has uneven development lead to disparities in migration ?

A
  • international migration is one of the main consequences of uneven development as people aim to seek a better quality of life
    Uneven development can lead to an increase in:
  • economic migrants who move voluntarily to seek a better life
  • refugee who are forced to move from their country as a result of war or natural disaster
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14
Q

What are the different ways to reduce the development gap

A
  • foreign direct investment
  • industrial development by TNC’s
  • tourism
  • Aid - when money, goods or services are given to help the economy/quality of life in another country
  • intermediate technology - sustainable technology that is appropriate to the needs of the local people
  • free trade - when country’s do not charge tariffs to restrict trade with each other
  • Fair trade - helps to ensure farmers get a fair price for their produce
  • debt relief
  • micro-finance - small scale finance support directly from banks set up to help the poor
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15
Q

Case study: tourism in Jamaica
How has tourism affected Jamaica economy ?

A
  • in 2019 tourism contributed 35% of Jamaica’s GDP - one of the highest proportions of any country in the world. Income from tourism is $2 billion each year
  • taxes paid to the government from tourism contribute further to the devlopment of Jamaica
  • tourism has created 200,000 jobs directly and indirectly
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16
Q

What are the disadvantages of tourism in Jamaica ?

A
  • income inequality- 10% of the population hold 60% of the wealth
  • environmental problems:
  • footpath Erosion
  • harmful emissions from transport and cruises
  • excessive waste
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17
Q

Where is Nigeria located ?

A
  • Nigeria is located in west Africa
  • Nigeria has a tropical climate, with variable rainy and dry seasons in different parts of the country. It is hot and wet most of the year in the south, but inland there is a long dry season
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18
Q

What is the global and regional importance of Nigeria ?

A

Global:
- In 2020 Nigeria was ranked 27th by GDP
- Nigeria is the 12th largest of producer of crude oil
- member of OPEC - organisation of petroleum exporting countries
Regional:
- one of the fastest growing economies in Africa
- highest gdp in the continent and 3rd largest manufacturing sector
- largest population of any African country

19
Q

How is Nigerias industrial structure changing ?

A
  • traditionally Nigerias economy has been agriculture based but now due to the discovery of oil reserves 9% of GDP comes from oil and 90% of export revenue comes from oil
  • from 1990 to 2020 employment in agriculture has decreased from 60% to 22% and industrial sector has increased from 10% to 30%
20
Q

How has an increased in the manufacturing sector affected economic development in Nigeria ?

A
  • regular paid employment provides more secure income, and larger consumer market over 10,000 jobs created
  • increased tax revenue from increased employment $20 billion in tax revenue
  • attracts foreign investment
21
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of TNC’s ?

A

Advantages:
— companies provide employment and development of skills
— investment by TNC’s in local infrastructure
— local companies benefit from increase spending
Disadvantages:
— local workers are sometimes poorly paid and poor working conditions
— high paid and high skilled jobs are often given to foreign employees brought by the TNC’s
— profit Made by TNC’s often goes back to host country

22
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of shell oil TNC in Nigeria

A

Shell is one of the largest oil companies in the world
Advantages:
- direct employment to 65000 people of which 97% are Nigerian
- 3000 scholarships for schools and universities in Nigeria
- helps to provide 75% of population with energy
Disadvantages:
- oil spills can decrease crop and fishing yeilds 1010 oil spills since 2014
- most high-skilled/high-payed jobs are given to people from overseas
- most crude oil is refined in HIC’s decreasing profit

23
Q

How has Nigerias trading relationships changed ?

A

Until 1960 Nigeria was part of the British empire so most of its trade happened with Britain and the rest of the empire
Now Nigeria exports to india 15% the EU 38% and the US 8%

24
Q

What are the different types of aid ?

A

Emergency aid - follows conflict or natural disasters
Developmental aid - long term support provided by charities and governments, to aim to improve the quality of life through providing services and infrastructure

25
Q

What are the positive and negative impacts of aid in Nigeria ?

A

Positive:
- aid from USA has helped to improve education about HIV/AIDS
- 3.4 billion from the IMF to help cope with the effects of Covid 19
Negative:
- corrupted governments may take the money
- government may use the money for the wrong reasons

26
Q

What are the environmental impacts of economic development in Nigeria ?

A
  • 94% of Nigerians are exposed to air pollution levels which exceed WHO guidelines
  • 96% of Nigerias forests have been destroyed
  • waste disposal issues, 32 million tons of waste a year
  • oil spills cause contamination in groundwater, water is dangerous
27
Q

What are the impacts of economic development on quality of life in Nigeria ?

A
  • HDI has increased from 0.47 in 2005 to 0.54 In 2019
  • between 1990 and 2019 life expectancy increased 9 years
    However 60% of the population are still living below the poverty line
    Many people in Nigeria still don’t have access to basic services like safe water and reliable electricity
    28% of population had access to sanitation facilities
28
Q

How has the UK economy changed ?

A
  • from 1850 to 2020 primary sector has decreased from 75% to 2% and tertiary sector increased from 10% to 75%
  • recently a newly emerging quaternary sector has developed to 10%
29
Q

What are the causes of the UK’s changing economy ?

A
  • deindustrialisation - production in cheaper countries e.g only 6 coal mines in the uk
  • globalisation - new technology, increase transport, trade and TNC’s
  • government policies - privatisation of previously government run industries like coal
30
Q

What is a post-industrial economy?

A

Post-industrial economy is where manufacturing industry declines, to be replaced largely by service sector and the development of thequaternary sector, this is the case in the UK where 84% of employment account for the tertiary and quaternary sector

31
Q

What are the causes of a post-industrial economy ?

A

Development of information technology(IT) - the internet allows people to communicate instantly across the world, in 2019 775,000 people employed in IT, software and computer services
finance - is an important part of the service sector includes banking, insurance and fund management, financial services account for 7% of UK’s GDP and employs 2.5 million people
research - employs around 250,000 people and contributes 1.7% to the UK economy

32
Q

How do science and business parks drive economic growth ?

A

Cambridge science park:
- contributes 37billion pounds a year to the economy
- has over 170 business’ in close proximity including AstraZeneca
- provides 7000 jobs
- attracts investment, Chinese have invested 200million to create new research space

33
Q

What are the impacts of industry on the physical environment ?

A
  • manufacturing plants can have a negative visual effect
  • industrial processes can cause air and water pollution
  • transport of raw materials emits CO2
34
Q

How is Torr Quarry, sommerset becoming more sustainable ?

A
  • one of 8 limestone quarries on the mendip hills
  • contributes 15 million to the local economy
  • 80 hectares have been planted with trees and grass
  • regular monitoring of water quality, air pollution, noise
35
Q

What is south Cambridgeshire ?

A

Has a population of over 160,000 which is expected to grow to over 190,000 by 2031
It is a mostly rural areas surrounding the city of Cambridge

36
Q

What are the social and economic impacts of a growing population in south Cambridgeshire ?

A

Social:
- 80% car ownership leads to increased congestion and decrease demand for public transport
- young people cannot afford the rising costs of houses
Economic effects:
- lack of affordable housing
- increasing migrants
- increased fuel prices due to demand from commuters

37
Q

How is the population of the outer Hebrides changing ?

A

50% population decline since 1901
Current population of 27,000
This is due to outward migration, with limited opportunities, many younger people have moved away in search for better paid employment

38
Q

What are the social and economic impacts of outer Hebrides population decline ?

A

Social:
- number of school are likely to fall, due to falling number of school aged children
- increasing old population due to outward migration of young people, increased pressure on healthcare systems
Economic effects:
- tourism can provide opportunities for development (220,000 visited in 2017)
- fewer people of working age, less tax revenue generated

39
Q

How has the UK’s transport infrastructure changed ?

A

south-west superhighway:
- A303, 2 billion pound road-widening project, less congestion
- create lost of construction jobs
HS2:
- 98billion pound for high-speed rail line from London to Birmingham
- decrease journey times by 30 minutes
liverpool2:
- a new container terminal costing 400million pounds
- created 5000 jobs
- doubled port capacity to over 1.5 million containers a year

40
Q

What and why is there north-south divide ?

A

‘ a real or imagined cultural and economical difference between the south of England and the north of England’

From 1950 the north suffered industrial decline, in steel making, coal mining
At the same time London and the south grew rapidly due to a fast-growing service sector

41
Q

What is the evidence for North-south divide ?

A

Incomes - gross disposable income 13,560 in north, 20,100 in south
Unemployment - 7.7% in the north 4.4% in the south
House prices - 154,000 in north 305,000 in south
Life expectancy - 74 in north 83 in south

42
Q

What are strategies to resolve north-south divide ?

A

Local enterprise partnerships - partnerships between local authorities and businesses, aim to identify businesses needs and encourage companies to invest. In this way jobs are created, boosting the local economy (38 in the uk)
Enterprise zones - their aim is to encourage the establishment of new businesses, and to create jobs in areas where there were no businesses, the government provides 275,000 business discount

43
Q

What are the UK’s links to the wider world?

A
  • trade
  • culture
  • transport - Heathrow is one of the busiest airports in the world
  • electronic communications
44
Q

What are the UK’s links with EU and the commonwealth

A

The uk left the eu in 2020 no longer has free trade with eu membering countries
Commonwealth:
- 54 nations
- home to 2.4 billion people
-important cultural and trading links

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