urban issues and challenges Flashcards
what is urbanisation?
Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities
what does rural mean?
countryside
what does urban mean?
city (clustering of people, jobs and services)
HIC
high-income country
NEE
newly emerging economy
LIC
low income country
describe the global pattern of change? (4)
the global pattern of urban change shows the rural share of world population decreases overtime whereas the urban share of world population increases overtime. - in 2007 the urban share of world population surpassed the rural share.
what is a megacity?
a city with more than 10 million inhabitants
how many megacities are there?
30 (in 1950 there were only 2)
describe the rate of urban growth in 3 contrasting areas of the world? (6)
in europe, the rate of urban growth is under 1% which is incredibly slow. however in central america the rate of urban growth is 3.5%. as well as this in sub-saharan africa, the rate of urban growth is 5% or more meaning they will double in 25 years.
what are the leading causes of urbanisation?
- rural-urban migration- natural increase
fertility rate
the number of children each women has (average)
birth rate
the number of births per 1000 people
death rate
number of deaths per 1000 people
push factors
things that make you want to move away from a country
pull factors
things that make you want to move to a country
natural increase
the difference between the number of births and deaths - (there is more births = increase)
informal sector
cash-in-hand jobs where people do not pay taxes to the government
urban planning schemes
schemes to design the layout and functions of towns and cities
where is nigeria
coast of africa, cameroon, niger and benin are neighbours ,abuja is capital in central nigeria
describe makeup of lagos
big range of wealthy, modern areas and poor congested areas also with a variety of community and violence and unrest.
crime in lagos?
gangs of young criminals - area boys
- make money in drugs
- fight people for money
history and growth of lagos?
in 1985, lagos housed 5 million people but in 2020 the number has grew five times to 20 million people
- compared with other cites, lagos’ growth is really recent
importance of lagos
9% of population, 80% of industry, 30% of economy
reasons why lagos is growing so fast?
1) better schools
2) 30% of economy
3) escape from Boko Haram
4) better healthcare
5) natural increase -26/1000
6) overgrazing of other areas
social opportunities in lagos?
- University of Lagos (UNILAG) produces 10,000 grads a year.
- Lagos cardiac hospital
New Africa Shrine -> afrobeat -> fela kuti (political activist) + son Seun Kuti - club for partying - spiritual home for afrobeat - Eko Atlantic - proposed building development - “into the future”
- 90% of pop. have mobile phones - better connected, modrn and globalised
- Lagos Murtale Muhammed airprt flies to 26 countries direct - important as most connected airport in nigeria.
economic opportunities in lagos?
- lagos ports handle 80% of imports and 70% of exports
- lagos construction industry worth US $69bn annually and averaged 105 annual growth
- working for multinational companies
- 78% of lagos work in tertiary, rest of nigeria - 31% primary and 55% tertiary
pull factors for lagos
work opportunities
houses and streets in lagos
badly built roads due to erosion
types of work in lagos
- selling food on street
- motorbike taxis
- construction
- scavenging rubbish piles
challenges of living in lagos
- ranked 137/140 cities in the world
- education isn’t free
- corruption - bribing police, bribing for work, slum clearance
- low wages
- dangerous
- lots of competition
- lots of pollution
- roads being eroded - in very bad condition
- waste disposal
- water supply
describe location of makoko slum
on the side of the Lagos Lagoon
Describe and account for the distribution of squatter settlements in Lagos?
mostly located on the side of the Lagos Lagoon
challenges of water in Lagos?
- water vendors called Mairuwa sell water from tanks and drums on carts
- share of demand of water met = 42% bought = 58%
challenges of sanitation in Lagos?
- lagos produces 9,000 tons of waste a day
- less than 1% of household in Lagos are linked to any closed sewerage system
challenges of energy in Lagos?
- power shortages/outages - have to use back-up generators cause more pollution - run on petrol
- unreliable energy supply
challenges of health in Lagos
1/5 of all ailments reported by the hospital’s patients were related to various degrees of respiratory problems
challenges of education in Lagos
- dilapitated buildings
- average 44 students per teacher
- secondary school enrolment rate is 26%
- 10% of teachers are computer literate
- gangsterism
challenges of unemployment in Lagos
- 2/3 of jobs are in the informal sector
- ‘under employment’ - not enough high quality jobs
challenges of crime in lagos?
- crime rate in Lagos is critical - transportation security, stolen items, assault, theft, burglary, car-jacking, rape/sexual violence, kidnapping, extortion, oil and energy, fraud, piracy, aviation, religious terrorism, elections, riots/civil unrest, bribery.
what is the brown agenda
in rapidly growing LIC cities, the brown agenda refers to issues of:
- safe water provision, sanitation & drainage
-in adequate solid & hazardous waste management
- air pollution; including uncontrolled emissions from motor vehicles and generators
how does the brown agenda affect the people of Lagos?
healthcare costs rise, poisons people
who is most affected by the brown agenda?
poor people
what are the source of pollution in Lagos?
cars and generators
what types of pollution is there in Lagos?
carbon monoxide, oil spills, plastics, e-waste
name two urban planning schemes in Lagos?
makoko floating school and transport scheme
what is the Lagos floating school?
the makoko floating school is a school and community centre that can be adapted for other purposes.
whats the aim of Lagos floating school?
to generate a new sustainable and ecological building system
adaptations of Lagos floating school?
adapts to tidal changes and varying water levels of the lagoon making it invulnerable to flooding and storm surges.
benefits of the Lagos floating school?
- provides children with an education
- builds sense of community
- sustainable and fits with lifestyle
- provides work opportunities
- uses solar powered generators
which of Lagos challenges remain unaddressed by floating communities?
- educated pop. reduces Br minimally
- rising sea level can be dealt with (adapts)
- water supply - collects rain water ( low im.)
- electricity supply - does not help at all
- sanitation - removes waste from water
- education - greatly helps
- health - very min. educated pop.
- crime - does not help at all
- pollution - greatly helps - sust. mats
what is the transport scheme in Lagos?
- new scheme opened in 2016
- part of wider strategic transport master plan
what does transport scheme in Lagos include?
- integrated transport system where transport networks like waterways and roads link together to make journeys easier.
- new airport on the Lekki peninsula
-better walking and cycling facilities
disadvantages of Lagos transport scheme
- if pop. grows at current rate the scheme will need to be sized up exponentially
- new airport will create lots of congestion in area and massively impact carbon footprint by creating more pollution.
- better roads influences more people to use cars
social benefits of Makoko floating school?
- acts as community centre
- scaleable
- education for locals
- collects and stores rainwater
- better educated = better jobs
- less waste in slums = better living conditions
economic benefits of Makoko floating school?
- provides jobs for locals
- cheap materials to build
- collects and stores rainwater
- better educated = better jobs
- using solar-powered - saves money + good for environment
environmental benefits of Makoko floating school?
- floats so can cope with rises and falls in sea level
- re-uses discarded materials
- green area
- using solar-powered - saves money + good for environment
- collects and stores rainwater
- less waste in slums = better living conditions
london location and history
london is the capital city of englnd. located in south-east england
why is london where it is today?
london was discovered here specifically because of the river thames. it was deep enough to be able to get boats through for trade but narrow enough to build a bridge across - perfect for romans to get trade done easily
what makes london special?
- biggest city in the uk
- parliament - is the centre of government
- average wages are twice the amount of the rest of the UK
- housing demand in london is unparallel
- worth 22% of UK’s GDP
- house prices much higher than rest of UK
- city of London responsible for half of all foreign exchange trading in the world
- where highest court in the country is
- good transport
- creative businesses
- 15% of the uk’s hospital beds
- 15/50 teaching hospitals
- 20 mil visitors in 2017, spending £13 bn
- more than 70% of UK’s biggest companies are located in London & 75%of the world’s top 100 companies have offices in London
compared to the rest of the uk, london’s pop. is ….
more diverse, as well as being more populated
we can see this by percentages being higher in london w/ diff ethnicities
why is london’s pop. more diverse/ pop.
london is the capital city of england, it attracts others from around england as it is a point for employment and opportunities. meaning migration to london will occur
comparing london’s pop.
england and wales has an older population than london:
- london has higher numbers in the middle aged section and declining numbers in the old section
REASONS WHY:
- house prices are higher
- better ed. and jobs so people move away when they retire.
ethnic distribution in london
60% white, 18% asian/asian british, 13% black/black british. 5% mixed and 3% other.
london timeline
1892 first indian MP, dadabhai naoroji for liberal party.
1905 - 1919 aliens act restricts immigration.
1938 - jewish migration (40k) escaping nazi
1947 - partition of india drives many immigrants to london
1948-61 > carribean migrants (1.2 mil, 100k in london)
how is camden likely to change in the future?
camden’s ethnic composition is mainly white. however in the younger age groups, such as 15-24. the ethnic group asian/asian british is increasing. the trend within this graph is that the numbers of ethnicities other than white decrease as you get older. my prediction is that camden will get more diverse ethnically. however due to brexit migrants may not be able to come anymore, this means the trend may become less pronounced.
evidence of immigrant influence on the character of camden
irish: irish center, irish pubs such quinn’s
south asian: street festivals, 2014 mwla in camden
greek: orthodox church, many greek restaurants
somali: camden music festival in 2015
french: french schools (CFBL), french cafe’s/ restaurants
urban greening methods in london
urban agriculture - saves money, feeding yourself, increases nourishment
green wall- parliament hill school, takes in CO2, reduces global warming, protects wall from rain damage
tree-lined streets - provides shade, improving air quality, improves drainage.
parks - more social activity, leisure activities, recreational areas
socio-economic challenges in london
- knightsbridge (wealthiest borough)average house price £3.5mil -> abbey (poorest borough) average house price £170k
- average salary in Knight. annually £89k - Abb. average salary annually £25k
- more than 1/4 of pop. in esp. east london romford has no qualifications
- east london has worse health whereas west london has very good health.
-east has much higher unemployment rates than West
environmental challenges in london
- kings cross issues of dereliction + environmental decay
- london rubbish, heading for landfill
- mucking marshes: 1 of london’s landfill sites
- 50 times a year, raw sewage dumped in thames
- air quality (lots of places exceed legal limit)
J: as we move towards electric cars this should get better
urban sprawl
expansion of human populations away from central urban areas into low-density, car dependent communities. also known as suburbanisation. “spreading of urban development on undeveloped land near the city”
problems of urban sprawl in london?
- puts pressure on the rural-urban fringe
- increases the need for cars
- reduces biodiversity
- increased pressure on suburban trains, schools, hospitals
- less places for the public to socialise (recreation land destroyed)
- destroys farmland
deprivation
the lack or denial of something that is considered essential.
problems w/ london’s greenbelt
- prices in central london increases
- towns building outside of the gradient, same factors also affecting the towns
- not everyone benefits, only very wealthy people
brownfield sites?
sites that has been built up but is now derelict e.g. regis ward or hawley warf
greenfield sites?
green, never built on sites e.g. a field in High Barnet
where is kings cross
located in north central london in the borough of camden
what does the kings cross regeneration comprise of
- 67 acres
- 50 new buildings
- 1900 new homes
- 20 new streets
- 10 new public parks and squares
- 26 acres of open space
sustainable development
development that meets the needs of the present w/o compromising the ability of future gens to meet their own needs.
where is Curitiba?
south of Brazil
how is integrated transport scheme w/ dedicated bus lanes sustainable?
- reduces the number of cars on the road which reduces carbon emissions hence reducing global warming
- the buses are 500x cheaper than building a subway which improves economy
how is the solution of parks sustainable?
- turned riverbanks into parks which stops flooding
- lots of trees that take in CO2 reducing global warming
how is the green exchange (sorted rubbish for food + travel tokens) sustainable?
- helps w/ low income families to travel and get work and school
- it has helped 30,000 families so far
how is a recycling crew sustainable?
- reduces nearly 2/3 of its rubbish which reduces environmental impact + less landfill
- it is also cheaper to recycle and creates jobs
how is a pedestrianised centre sustainable?
- reduces congestion which reduces carbon emissions therefore improving air quality => people friendly
how can a transport strategy scheme be sustainable?
reduce emissions, increase affordability and speed up travel
are bicycle lanes sustainable
reduces emissions for short journeys, increases affordability, speeds up travel => sustainable
are ulez zones sustainable
improves air quality by removing dirty cars, forces diesel car owners to get new cars, reduces amount of cars slightly => not that sustainable
are oyster card schemes sustainable
stops a little bit of driving, caps on travel, efficiently speed up cars => sustainable
is congestion charging sustainable
less cars go through so reduces emissions, generates a little money for other strategies, less cars so speeds up travel => sustainable
is the underground network (elizabeth line) a sustainable transport strategy
electric and less cars are used so reduces emissions, extra money is spent so doesn’t increase affordability, very efficient at speeding up travel => sustainable
are club cars a sustainable transport startegy
more cars on the road so increases emissions, not affordable, speeds up travekl slightly => not sustainable
are electric scooters a sustainable transport strategy
only substitutes journeys that would’ve been walked so doesn’t reduce emissions, extra money is paid, speeds up travel slightly => not sustainable
are off-peak tickets a sustainable transport strategy
less cars used, increases affordability by a lot, speeds up travel greatly=> sustainable
are freedom passes a sustainable transport strategy
reduces emissions slightly, greatly increases affordability, speeds up travel => sustainable
