Urban Issues and Challenges Flashcards
What is urbanization?
The process by which an increasing percentage of a country’s population live in urban areas.
What is a Megacity?
An urban area with a total population in excess of 10 million people.
What is the term for the birth rate minus the death rate of a population?
Natural increase.
Is Tokyo a LIC or a HIC?
HIC.
Which continent has the most Megacities?
Asia.
What are push and pull factors?
Push factors causes people to move away from a place.
Pull factors attract people to move to a place.
Separately list 3 Push and Pull factors.
Push: Unemployment, Crime, Natural disasters, Conflict, Disease, Poor Living conditions
Pull: Job opportunities, Better government policies, Healthcare, Education, Housing, Family, Attractions.
Explain how important Mumbai is on a national level.
- 33.3% Maharashtra income
- Commercial and Financial capital
- 60% sea trade
How is Mumbai important on a international scale?
- Bollywood film industry (job opportunities)
- Headquarters for Trans National Corporations (Volkswagen and Bank of America)
- Transport hub,, links to major cities and air transport around the world
Where is Mumbai located?
Western coast of Maharashtra state, bordering Arabian Sea.
What types of labor-force job opportunities are there in Mumbai?
- self-employed, unofficial workers
- Bollywood and other media industries
What percentage of Mumbai’s population live in slums?
Why do they end up in slums?
40%. People cannot afford to rent proper housing, so they resort to illegal settlements.
What challenges does Mumbai face in terms of pollution?
-95% of households have lower water access than minimum World Health Organization recommendation.
Lack of basic sanitation and water increase the risk of disease and illnesses.
What healthcare- related impacts do rapid population increase cause?
Youthful population - pressure on school places and maternity wards
Increase in health issues from poor water sanitation exacerbates the problem.
How does rapid population increase put pressure on Mumbai’s environmental management?
- difficult to manage human waste (sewage found in streams and rivers)
- unregulated industrial growth and excessive vehicle use has led to more air pollution.
How does rapid population increase increase crime rate?
- more competition for jobs
- high demand for skilled workers challenge unskilled workers to find work.
- lack of income causes people to turn to illegal activities to make an income.
How has the Mumbai Slum Sanitation scheme worked to reduce the problems of urban growth?
- improve sanitation facilities for up to a million slum dwellers
- 300 community toilet blocks built, housing more than 5100 individual toilets for both men and women.
What are the disadvantages of the Mumbai sanitation scheme?
- Expensive to build
- Hard to maintain
How do incremental housing strategies work to reduce problems caused by urban growth?
-families are given the right to build a new house over their land
What scheme has been adapted to provide a stable source of electricity to the slum population?
The Mumbai slum electrification project.
Who was in charge in providing slum dwellers with new/ upgraded electricity connection?
How much slum dwellers were benefitted?
Global Partnership on Output Based Aid (GPOBA).
10000 Slum dwellers.
What are the disadvantages of carrying out the Mumbai electrification project?
-hard to organise: population is unregistered.,,
Slum infrastructure number is hard to accumulate.
What is Urban regeneration?
The revival of old parts of the built up area by installing modern facilities in old buildings or redevelopment.
What does a derelict area usually consist of?
(Think about land uses).
What is the definition for the term?
Brownfield sites. These are land previously built on, usually used for industrial purposes.
Why was regeneration needed in Birmingham?
-competition from abroad led to closure of factories -> unemployment and derelict areas
What is the Multiplier effect?
Expansion of an industry which encourages growth in other industrial sectors.
What is Birmingham also called?
‘The city of a 1000 trades’.
What regeneration ideas will be used in Birmingham?
How does regeneration address urban deprivation in terms of the economy?
- Grand Central (1000 permanent jobs)
- size of CBD core will increase by 25%
50000 new jobs - employment
How does regeneration address urban deprivation in terms of health and crime rate?
Improve leisure and recreational facilities
-promote a healthier and greener environment
More economic activity brings more jobs.
Less people will resort to crime for a living.
How has Grand Central been redeveloped?
- capacity: 300,000 ppl per day
- 60% rainwater collected for sewage uses
- shops and restaurants -> provide social space and 1000 permanent jobs
What are the main factors contributing to urbanisation?
Rural- Urban Migration
Natural Increase
How is traffic congestion a big problem for urban areas?
- air pollution and greenhouse gases contributing to greenhouse effect and global warming
- ppl late for work/ meetings: loss of profit
- frustration for drivers, health problems for pedestrians (polluted air)
What Is Urban Sprawl?
The unplanned growth of urban areas into the surrounding countryside.
