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GCSE AQA Geography > Urban Issues and Challenges > Flashcards

Urban Issues and Challenges Flashcards

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1
Q

What is urbanization?

A

The process by which an increasing percentage of a country’s population live in urban areas.

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2
Q

What is a Megacity?

A

An urban area with a total population in excess of 10 million people.

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3
Q

What is the term for the birth rate minus the death rate of a population?

A

Natural increase.

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4
Q

Is Tokyo a LIC or a HIC?

A

HIC.

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5
Q

Which continent has the most Megacities?

A

Asia.

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6
Q

What are push and pull factors?

A

Push factors causes people to move away from a place.

Pull factors attract people to move to a place.

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7
Q

Separately list 3 Push and Pull factors.

A

Push: Unemployment, Crime, Natural disasters, Conflict, Disease, Poor Living conditions
Pull: Job opportunities, Better government policies, Healthcare, Education, Housing, Family, Attractions.

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8
Q

Explain how important Mumbai is on a national level.

A
  • 33.3% Maharashtra income
  • Commercial and Financial capital
  • 60% sea trade
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9
Q

How is Mumbai important on a international scale?

A
  • Bollywood film industry (job opportunities)
  • Headquarters for Trans National Corporations (Volkswagen and Bank of America)
  • Transport hub,, links to major cities and air transport around the world
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10
Q

Where is Mumbai located?

A

Western coast of Maharashtra state, bordering Arabian Sea.

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11
Q

What types of labor-force job opportunities are there in Mumbai?

A
  • self-employed, unofficial workers

- Bollywood and other media industries

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12
Q

What percentage of Mumbai’s population live in slums?

Why do they end up in slums?

A

40%. People cannot afford to rent proper housing, so they resort to illegal settlements.

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13
Q

What challenges does Mumbai face in terms of pollution?

A

-95% of households have lower water access than minimum World Health Organization recommendation.
Lack of basic sanitation and water increase the risk of disease and illnesses.

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14
Q

What healthcare- related impacts do rapid population increase cause?

A

Youthful population - pressure on school places and maternity wards
Increase in health issues from poor water sanitation exacerbates the problem.

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15
Q

How does rapid population increase put pressure on Mumbai’s environmental management?

A
  • difficult to manage human waste (sewage found in streams and rivers)
  • unregulated industrial growth and excessive vehicle use has led to more air pollution.
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16
Q

How does rapid population increase increase crime rate?

A
  • more competition for jobs
  • high demand for skilled workers challenge unskilled workers to find work.
  • lack of income causes people to turn to illegal activities to make an income.
17
Q

How has the Mumbai Slum Sanitation scheme worked to reduce the problems of urban growth?

A
  • improve sanitation facilities for up to a million slum dwellers
  • 300 community toilet blocks built, housing more than 5100 individual toilets for both men and women.
18
Q

What are the disadvantages of the Mumbai sanitation scheme?

A
  • Expensive to build

- Hard to maintain

19
Q

How do incremental housing strategies work to reduce problems caused by urban growth?

A

-families are given the right to build a new house over their land

20
Q

What scheme has been adapted to provide a stable source of electricity to the slum population?

A

The Mumbai slum electrification project.

21
Q

Who was in charge in providing slum dwellers with new/ upgraded electricity connection?
How much slum dwellers were benefitted?

A

Global Partnership on Output Based Aid (GPOBA).

10000 Slum dwellers.

22
Q

What are the disadvantages of carrying out the Mumbai electrification project?

A

-hard to organise: population is unregistered.,,

Slum infrastructure number is hard to accumulate.

23
Q

What is Urban regeneration?

A

The revival of old parts of the built up area by installing modern facilities in old buildings or redevelopment.

24
Q

What does a derelict area usually consist of?
(Think about land uses).
What is the definition for the term?

A

Brownfield sites. These are land previously built on, usually used for industrial purposes.

25
Q

Why was regeneration needed in Birmingham?

A

-competition from abroad led to closure of factories -> unemployment and derelict areas

26
Q

What is the Multiplier effect?

A

Expansion of an industry which encourages growth in other industrial sectors.

27
Q

What is Birmingham also called?

A

‘The city of a 1000 trades’.

28
Q

What regeneration ideas will be used in Birmingham?

How does regeneration address urban deprivation in terms of the economy?

A
  1. Grand Central (1000 permanent jobs)
  2. size of CBD core will increase by 25%
    50000 new jobs - employment
29
Q

How does regeneration address urban deprivation in terms of health and crime rate?

A

Improve leisure and recreational facilities
-promote a healthier and greener environment

More economic activity brings more jobs.
Less people will resort to crime for a living.

30
Q

How has Grand Central been redeveloped?

A
  • capacity: 300,000 ppl per day
  • 60% rainwater collected for sewage uses
  • shops and restaurants -> provide social space and 1000 permanent jobs
31
Q

What are the main factors contributing to urbanisation?

A

Rural- Urban Migration

Natural Increase

32
Q

How is traffic congestion a big problem for urban areas?

A
  • air pollution and greenhouse gases contributing to greenhouse effect and global warming
  • ppl late for work/ meetings: loss of profit
  • frustration for drivers, health problems for pedestrians (polluted air)
33
Q

What Is Urban Sprawl?

A

The unplanned growth of urban areas into the surrounding countryside.

GCSE AQA Geography (2 decks)

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