Urban issues Flashcards
What is urbanisation?
increasing population percentage living in cities
Compare the rate of urbanisation in LICs and HICs?
Urbanisation in taking place more rapidly in Low Income Countries and more slowly in High Income Countries
What is natural increase?
Natural increase= birth rate - death rate.
increases pop. in LIC megacities
What are some push factors for rural-urban migration?
- poverty
- lack of jobs
- difficult working conditions
- lack of opportunities
What are some pull factors for rural-urban migration?
- well paid jobs
- better education
What is a Megacity?
A city with a population of over 10 million
Where is Rio de Janeiro?
Towards the east of South America and the south-east of Brazil. It borders the Atlantic ocean just above the Tropic of Capricorn.
Why is Rio an important city?
- Rio has increasing economic and political power.
- Apart of BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa)
- Brazil’s 2nd most important industrial centre (produces 5% of Brazil’s GDP)
- One of the most visited places in the Southern hemisphere
Explain the 4 different zones in Brazil
- North zone – industrial area with the most favelas
- West zone – most developed area with main Olympic stadium
- Centro – oldest part of the city with the financial centres and bank head quarters
- South – main tourist area with beaches and attractions
How has population grown in Rio de Janeiro?
- Natural increase
- Many jobs created - national migration form South America
- international migration ( USA, UK, China, Portugal)
Describe some of the education opportunities Rio offers?
social
- 4% illiteracy rate in RIo
- 1000 primary schools
- 400 secondary
- 6 major universities
What are some healthcare opportunities in Rio?
social
- 105 hospitals
- 34% of which are public
- life expectancy 77yrs ( 4 yrs higher than Brazil’s average)
Describe some opportunities surrounding jobs in Rio?
economic
- 6% Brazil’s employment from Rio
- Land rover opened $240 million factory in rio employing 300 people
- fifa 2014 world cup
Olympics 2016
What are the water opportunities?
(access to resources)
RIO
95% have mains water supply
What are the energy opportunities?
access to resources
- 99% of the city has access to the power grids
- hydroelectric power plants & lower costs
Outline some of Rio’s problems and solutions regarding resources
- 37% water lost because of leaky pipes and illegal access - over 300km of pipes were built
- all of Rio had frequent black-outs, people were illegally tapping into mains supply of electricity - 60km of new power lines and new nuclear generator
Outline the social challenges and solutions in Rio
1/2 of kids staying in education past 14 - locals volunteered to help in school, a private uni opened in Rocinha.
in 2013, 55% had a local family clinic, services for the pregnant and elderly - ‘Docway’ app for medical advice
Talk about the economic challenges and solutions in Rio
Many people turn to drug trafficking for money - in 2013 Paccifying Police Units established to reclaim drug run favelas.
Informal economy (not monitored by the government, no steady pay or hours)
Outline the problems surrounding pollution in Rio
AIR- Rio is the most congested city in SA - expansion of metro system under Guanabara bay
WATER- 200 tonnes sewage pours into bay daily - 12 new sewage works built since 2004 -> $68 million
WASTE- mainly waste is dumped & pollutes water system -> disease - power plant set up uses methane gas from rotting rubbish to produce electricity for 1000 homes
Name some challenges of living in squatter settlements ?
2% murder rate 30% no electricity houses built on steep slopes informal economy 50% no sewage system
What is the Favela Bairro project?
Rocinha is Rio de Janeiro’s largest favela and is built on steep hillside.
this scheme increases access to water supply, drainage systems for improved sanitation and a cable car.
It improved the quality of live for people in Rocinha and increased mobility and employment. but it won’t cover ever favela.
What is Barra de Tijuca?
A new town built to reduce overcrowding in favelas. for wealthy residents wanted a safer place to live. by 1995, population of 130,000.
believed to be the safest of Rio’s upper-class.
it hosted the 2016 Olympics
What is the name of the cable car system?
Complexo Rubem Braga Project
3.5km long cable car with 6 stops.
Where is London?
South-East England
What are the impacts of migration on London?
Caused London to grow (immigration & natural increase)
Affected population structure because people (20-30yrs) move to London for work. People with young families move away because of housing prices.
Has lead to ethnic diversity
What is urban change?
manufacturing-> deindustrialisation (factories closed & jobs moved abroad) -> regeneration
How is London delivering urban greening?
All London Green Grid policy.
Aim to deliver ‘green infrastructure’ (a network of green spaces across the city) -> to improve recreation, promote healthy living, reduce flooding
How much money did the Olympics bring in?
over $9 billion
What happened by 2007?
Work began on the Olympic park.
Many industries gone
some of the site was derelict
What does Stratford being a well-connected area of London allow?
Commuters to travel to work easily
What is one of the social aims of the games?
To promote social cohesion in one of the most culturally diverse communities
How many jobs could be created by 2030 and by what?
20,000 jobs.
multiplier effect caused this by new jobs in construction and tourism
What is urban greening?
Planning of green spaces within a city. e.g football pitches, parks, flower beds
What new buildings were built for the games?
old aquatic centre-> public pools
£1.4 million Westfield shopping centre opened
>250 shops and 17 screen cinema
The copper box arena
What is an example of successful green infrastructure that has delivered many benefits to Stratford?
The Queen Elizabeth Olympic park.
includes 100 hectares of open space.
It the largest new park in London for over a century.
Where were the 2012 Olympics?
Lower Lea Valley in East London
How much money was invested in Local infrastructure and what for?
£500 million to develop and deliver transport improvements:
- New train lines and connections
- second Docklands Light Railway Line
- New/Improved piers for river services
- improvements to 100 walk/cycling routes
What is multiple deprivation and where is it highest?
When different types of deprivation are combined into one overall measure of deprivation. Inner city area usually have the highest multiple deprivation rating.
Outline the inequalities between Kensington and Newham
housing, health, education, employment
HOUSING
Kensington- average house price is £2 million
Newham- average house price is £400,000
HEALTH
Kensington life expectancy is approximately 10 years higher than Newham
EDUCATION
Kensington 80% achieve 5+ grades
Newham 67% achieve 5+ grades
EMPLOYMENT
Newham enemployment rate is 10% higher (14 compared to 4)
What is urban sprawl?
The unplanned growth of urban areas into the surrounding countryside
What is the rural-urban fringe?
The zone of transition between the built-up area and the countryside for land space
What is a greenfield site?
plots of land that haven’t been built on
What is a brownfield site?
plots of land that have been built on but are now derelict
What is the greenbelt?
Land surrounding towns and cities that is protected. Cambridge has a greenbelt so that the city doesn’t sprawl outwards and swallow the surrounding villages.
Why did Newham need regeneration?
East of London suffered a lot from deindustrialisation.
69% children in Newham lived in low income households
41% households have no working adults.
How did the Olympics regenerate Newham ENVIRONMENTALLY?
- cleared up toxic brownfield sites
- new ports and spaces (Queen Elizabeth Park)
How did the Olympics regenerate Newham SOCIALLY?
- 1000 new homes
- Olympic housing used as social housing
- new factories
How did the Olympics regenerate Newham ECONOMICALLY?
- Eurostar-> opening links to other places
- 50,000 new jobs
What are some of the sustainable transport strategies in London?
- congestion charge in 2003 -> drop in traffic and 6% increase in bus usage
- hybrid buses
- Boris bikes
What is a sustainable city?
A city that meets the needs of its current population without making it difficult for future generations to do the same
What makes East Village a sustainable community?
WATER CONSERVATION- recycling water uses 50% less water than the average urban area.
ENERGY CONSERVATION- uses combined heat & power system (CHP) uses 30% less energy
