Urban futures Flashcards
What is internal growth? How does it contribute to rapid urbanisation?
Growth of a population as a result of higher live birth rate than death rate
City populations grow rapidly because of young migrants moving to cities, who are of a childbearing age, so the brith rate is higher than in rural areas and so % living in urban areas increase
What is urbanisation?
The increasing proportion of the population living in towns and cities
Generally, are there are larger urban populations in ACs or LIDCs?
ACs
Which countries are urbanising at the slowest rate? (ACs, EDCs or LIDCs)
ACs
Which countries are urbanising the fastest? (ACs, EDCs or LIDCs)
LIDCs
What is a megacity?
A city with a population over 10 million people
What is a world city?
One of the most important cities in the global economy. An international hub of finance, trade and culture.
How has the number and distribution (and why) of megacities changed since 1950 to 2015?
Thye have increased rapidly from 2 in 1950, to 34 today.
They are centred on Asia (highest frequency). Asia is becoming more developed and has high internal growth.
How has the number and distribibution of world cities changed since 1950?
In 1950, there were 3 world cities. Today there are 9 (two in alpha ++, 7 in alpha +).
They have become more centred on Asia due to its rapid development.
Generally, as GDP/capita increases, % of urban population…
increases
Why do more developed countries have a higher urban population?
Because they tend to have industrialised first. Poorer countries have a low GDP and large rural workforce.
As GDP/capita increases, the urban population growth rate…
decreases
List 2 rural-urban migration push factors
- poor transport networks - people need to travel for work and to sell produce
- lack of access to services (health and education) - people more unlikely to get quicker treatment, poses a serious risk to health; better jobs
List 2 pull factors for rural-urban migration.
- better access to education and health services - can get better jobs
- higher paying jobs - ability to send money back home to support family members
List 4 consequences of rapid urbanisation.
- Hap-hazard housing - unsafe to tenant
- No sewage or water systems - unhealthy environment and not good for citizen’s health
- Few/no roads (poor infastructure) - people sturggle to get to work, not economically viable
- Large informal sectors - no taxes (government can’t redistribute money for essential services), vulnerable to financial crises
What is sub-urbanisation?
The increased movement of people and industries to the edge of existing urban areas. This can be from inner cities or rural areas.
List 2 push factors for urban to sub-urban migration.
- pollution - bad for health, people do not want their children to have a higher risk of death
- increased crime - unsafe for citizens, anyone at risk of being burgled/being a victim
List 2 pull factors for urban to sub-urban migration.
- better schools and services - children are better educated, higher paid jobs, less likely to commit crime
- technological development - people can work from home, no need to be in busy city, but still have a high paid job
List a demographic, social, economic and environmental consequence of suburbanisation.
Demograhic - mainly white, wealthy
Social - age-segregation (younger in cities, older in suburbs)
Economic - inner city housing markets declines due to less demand
Environmental - with more commute, there is more traffic and pollution - more CO2 emissions
What is counter-urbanisation?
The process of de-population from major urban areas to smaller rural areas, largely due to dissatisfaction with urban living
List 2 push factors for counter-urbanisation.
- high cost of living - those on smaller incomes may struggle to ‘make end’s meet’
- crowded, busy - poorer quality of life
List 2 pull factors for counter-urbanisation.
- better valued houses for the same size - cheaper to buy
- rural idyllic - romanticised way of living and better quality of life
List a demographic, social, economic and environmental consequence of counter-urbanisation.
Demographic - older population due to rural turnaround (young move out, old move in)
Social - strain on local health services due to older population
Economic - higher valued houses
Environmental - increased air pollution due to longer commute to work
What is reurbanisation?
The movement of people back into cities