Dynamic development Flashcards
Define development
An improvement in living standards through better use of resources
Define these classifications and give an example of each: ACs, EDCs, LIDCs
Advanced Countries - e.g. UK
Emerging and Developing Countries - e.g. Mexico
Low-Income Developing Countries - e.g. Zambia
Where are most LIDCs found?
Sub-Saharan Africa, parts of South-East Asia
Where are EDCs found?
Most of Asia
Central/South America + Carribean
Pacific Islands
Eastern Europe
Where are ACs found?
North America
Western Europe
Australia/New Zealand
Parts of East Asia
Define Sustainable Development
Economic, social and environmental development to meet people’s needs now without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
What is GNI/per capita?
Gross National Income - income of a country over a year divided by the population (economic measure)
What is the Birth/Death rate?
The amount of people born/deceased per 1000 people in a year (social measure)
What is Life Expectancy?
The average age a new born baby is expected to live for (social measure)
What is infant mortality rate?
The amount of infants (0-1yr old) that die per 1000 infants in a year (social measure)
What is literacy rate?
The percentage of the over 15 population that can read and write (social measure)
What is HDI and how is it calculated?
Human Development Index:
a statistical tool used to measure a country’s overall social and economic development based on a combination of their health (life expectancy), wealth (GNI per capita PPP) and education (expected and mean years of schooling)
Give two examples of physical factors affecting development
Climate
Natural Hazards
etc
Give two examples of human factors affecting development
Debt
Conflict
Colonialism
Poverty
Trade
etc
What are 4 obstacles to development for LIDCs?
- Trade - exports and imports for LIDCs are much smaller than ACs
- Debt - need to pay off debts as well as fund public services
- Political Unrest - puts back development progress
- Poverty - hard for people to break out of poverty
What is the recent economic development of Zambia?
Its growth is constantly fluctuating with rapid growth one year and massive contractions the next year, it’s fairly positive though.
The GDP per capita has increased since the turn of the century by roughly $1000
What is Zambia’s population structure like?
High amounts of young people, fewer amounts of older people
Describe Zambia’s location?
Sub-Saharan Africa.
Surrounded by Zimbabwe, Botswana, Tanzania, DRC, etc.
It is landlocked (difficult for trade)
Describe the politics of Zambia
It gained Independence from the UK in 1964. It was a one-party state until 1990. It is now a democracy.
Describe the main industry type of Zambia
Very agricultural based
Mention two paths forward to development by Zambia in the last 50 years
Kariba Dam starts to generate renewable electricity - 1975
IMF cancels Zambia’s debt - 2006
Mention two paths backwards to Development by Zambia in the last 50 years
The price of copper falls, HIV/aids epidemic
“What is Zambia’s main industry? And what is the problem associated with this?”
Copper - it is vulnerable to price fluctuation
What are the Millenium Development goals
Goals set by the UN in 2000 to be completed by 2015 for development of poorest nations
How successful has Zambia been at eradicating extreme poverty? (MDGs)
What does this mean?
Mention data to support your evidence.
Where is most poverty has most of the improvement been?
Get rid of extreme poverty
It has failed - the percentage living in extreme poverty has increased. It rose from 61% in 1990 to 74% in 2010.
Most poverty is in rural areas, but these have seen the greatest improvements.
Note: the actual goal is eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
How successful has Zambia been at achieving Universal Primary Education? (MDGs)
‘All children complete primary school’
Give data to support your evidence.
Goal has been achieved. Primary completion rate rose from 85% in 1990 to near 100% in 2010.
How successful has Zambia been at promoting Gender Equality? (MDGs)
What does this mean?
Mention data to support your evidence.
Males and females have equal access to education.
Zambia has equal primary school enrolment, but the female literacy rate has actually decreased.
Female literacy rate decreased from 66% in 1990 to 58% in 2007. Male literacy rate was 70% in 2007 in comparison.
What are 3 benefits of TNCs in LIDCs?
TNCs (such as ABF in Zambia) bring jobs, investment (to help workers obtain resources) and can provide essential services to an area.
What are 5 problems associated with TNCs in LIDCs?
- They dominate the sector and smaller, local businesses cannot compete.
- If they were to pull out the economy would be ruined.
- Low wages
- Poor working conditions
- Pay little to nothing in tax
What is tied aid? What are the benefits and problems of it?
Tied aid is aid given that has conditions attached such as demands to make cuts in spending, less borrowing or the country receiving aid has to buy products from the donating country
Benefits: Stops LIDCs becoming over reliant on ACs, better for future of LIDC
Problems: Often made in favour of AC/international organisation - little local involvement/consideration
What is debt relief? What are the benefits and problems associated with it?
The total or partial cancellation of debts owed by LIDCs.
Benefits: Allows for long term safe investments due to less interest needing to be paid on loans
Problems: LIDC could fall into debt again
What is a top-down development strategy?
Large scale development funded and carried out by government or a large international organisation like the international bank.
What is bottom-up aid/development?
Aid/development funded and carried out by NGOs (charities) in co-operation with local communities on a small scale
What is the top-down development study we looked at in Zambia?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of it?
The Kariba Dam
Electricity prices decreased by up to 30% between 1961-1977.
From 1975, it has generated sustainable, renewable energy for Zambia and is essential to its copper industry.
Tens of thousands had to be resettled to areas with low soil fertility and famine spread.
It has been successful as it has brought a lot of money to Zambia.
What is the bottom-up development strategy we looked at in Zambia? Has it been successful?
Room to read (built in 2000 by the charity of the same name) to promote gender equality.
In Lusaka
2k girls since 2008
It focused on girl’s education which is often neglected in Zambia - literay skills
female literacy rate actually decreased in Zambia!
80% of its graduates are now enrolled in tertiary education.
Where is Zambia on the Rostow model? Explain why?
Zambia has between stages 1, 2 and 3 since independence, most would say it is in stage 2 now after the HIV/Aids epidemic.
The copper industry is Zambia’s main industry and mechanisation is improving farming.
Now in Stage 2: pre-conditions for take off (transition to industrial economy)
Name the top-down development stragety we studied in Zambia (the railway). Why was it built and who uses it?
The TAZARA railway built by China. Completed in 1975, started operating in 1976 to connect Zambia to a port (dar es Salaam) in Tanzania.
Built for trade as Zambia is landlocked.
It is used by local tradesmen and Zambian/Chinese workers.
What is the 1 advantage and 2 disadvantages of the Tazara railway.
Adv: It is essential for copper industry and has propelled economy
Dis: delays are frequent and there was previously much mismanagement and so people miss work, reducing income
Dis: as a Chinese company now control the railway, Zambia’s economy is overly dependant on foreign influence
How can economic measures of development illustrate consequences of uneven development?
- Calculate GDP or GNI/capita to measure average wealth of citizen
- compare with other countries - rank them
- classify as LIDCs, EDCs or ACs
- compare with Peter factors (e.g. life expectancy) to discover patterns
What is the difference between GDP and GNI?
GDP - goods and services produced within a country’s geographical borders
GNI - good and services produced by citizens of that country, including if they operate abroad
