Urban Form

Question 1

What are urban land-use models?

Answer 1

• the urban environment is changing continuously, but has discernable patterns shaped by maket forces and/or government planning
• urban land-use models are models of urban spatial organization generalize the internal structure of cities
• they help us better understand patterns of how cities are spatially organized

Question 2

What are urban land-use models?

Answer 2

• the urban environment is changing continuously, but has discernable patterns shaped by maket forces and/or government planning
• urban land-use models are models of urban spatial organization generalize the internal structure of cities
• they help us better understand patterns of how cities are spatially organized

Question 3

Morphogenesis

Answer 3

• a way of studying urban spatial structure related to th work of Michael Conzen
• main technique is analysis of the town plan which involves analyzing changes in:
  1. town plan (street layout) which is most resistant to change
  2. patterns of building form (slow to change), and
  3. patterns of land use (most susceptible to change)

Question 4

Human Ecology

Answer 4

• a way of studying urban spatial structure pioneered by the Chicago school of ecology
• applies ecological theories to understanding land use patterns (e.g. competition, invasion, succession, dominance)
• Main argument: free market dictates types of land-use, natural areas evolve reflectng dominant homogenous social or ethnic character

Question 5

Concentric Zone Model

Answer 5

• a model of land-use by Burgess for Chicago
• cities are split into five concentric zones
• main feature: increase in socio-economic status with increasing distance from central business district
• those with higher income can afford to live further whereas new immigrants tend to settle in inner city

Question 6

Bid-Rent Model

Answer 6

• a model of land-use by Alonzo
• based on economic principles
• different land-use (retail, commercial, residential) have different indifference curves of rent-distance tradoff (further from CBD, lower the rent willing to pay)
• the land-use willing to pay the highest rent wins the zone

Question 7

Sector Model

Answer 7

• a model of land-use by Hoyt for US cities
• neighbourhoods of different socioeconomic status are seggregated into sectors radiating from the city centre along major arterial routes
• low-class residential areas in undesirable locations (near factories)
• middle and upper class areas near city fringe

Question 8

Multiple Nuclei Model

Answer 8

• a model of land use by Harris & Ullman
• combines and extends the features of concentric zones and sector model
• rather than having a single nuclear zone (CBD), the model has land-use patterns organized around several nodes
• different land uses cluster together (to share facilities and infrastructure) or avoid other uses (upper class residential avoiding industrial zones) thereby creating a number of nuclei around which the city is organized

Question 9

Mann’s Model of British City

Answer 9

• a model of land use for british cities that combines the zonal and sectoral models
• takes in the role of prevailing wind (wind blows west to east)
• therefore upper class residential west of industrial zone, and lower class east of industrial zone