Housing Flashcards
Filtering
Highest Income occupies most expensive houses and sold to next highest income as they move towards city core. therefore housing “filters down” to lower income class.
Gentrification is reverse filtering
By Homer Hoyt 1930s
Factors shaping housing submarkets
- Supply Restrictions
- Accessibility Restrictions
- Neighbourhood Restrictions
- Institutional Restrictions
- Racial, Class, Ethnic Restrictions
- Information Restrictions
Edge Cities
By Joel Garreau (1991) in Edge City: Life on the new frontier
Concentrated residential/employment
developments in the suburbs
Key components:
• office space,
• retail development (usually ‘big-box’),
• residential
Concentration of employment and retail located at the fringe of large metropolitan areas in an otherwise traditional lower density suburban area.
Gentrification - Classic Stage Model
• Original ‘Pioneers’
• Block by Block Expansion
• Transformation into Exclusive District
eg. Creative Hub in London UK
Consumer sovereignty
the situation in an economy where the desires and needs of consumers control the output of producers.
Rent Gap
As time of construction gets older, the gap between potential ground rent and actual ground rent gets bigger (profitable to gentrification, supply side reason)
ethnoburbs
a suburban area hosting a concentration of minority ethnic residents and businesses. such areas have become points of entry for new immigrants
creative class
a term coined by Richard Florida to describe a segment of the labour force that he argues is responsible for driving economic growth and prosperity in the 21st century. the creative class is composed of professional and knowledge intensive occupation where people create new ideas, new technologies and new creative content
ethnic enclaves
spatial concentrations formed by residents’ preference to live near others from the same ethnocultural group rather than by the processes of exclusion, as in the case in ghettos
friendship center
emerged in Canadian cities starting in the 1950s to provide a place for service referrals, advocacy and social, cultural and recreational programs for urban aboriginal peoples
gentrification
-the process whereby high-income housholds purchase and upgrade central city housing that once was occupied by residents of a significantly lower income.
-reverse filtering
-possible explanations:
demand side: consumer sovereignty, middle class liberation from the suburbs
supply side: potentially profitable housing, cycles of disinvestment, rent gap, foregrounds economics over culture
ghettos
spaces in cities that segregate low income and or minority households who lack the freedom to move into residential zones elsewhere in the city
Housing Submarkets
- The housing market is not unitary - access to housing market varies across society
- submarkets are localized and can be categorized by tenure, type, location, income, ethnicity, building age, resident age, etc.
Urban Sprawl
- Low density development that is beyond the edge of urban services and employment
- related to suburbanization - very spaced out development, communities that lack character (sense of place), not pedestrian friendly, car-dependent, services inaccessible
What is Housing?
- Basic need of human existence - provides shelter, privacy (separation of private vs public life), protection
- Largest expenditure for most people
- Has intrinsic value and exchange value
- Categories: private vs. public (although today this distinction is less clear as there are many joint development projects), market priced/non-market priced
