urban environments Flashcards
function
- dominant industry activity
- can also be dominant use of a building (bank/restaurant)
hierarchy of settlement
- order of settlement by type
- shows importance of functions
site
physical + human characteristics of a location
sphere of influence
area surrounding a function from which people would travel to visit
why urban growth occurs
- growing population and economic activity
- larger towns attract more people in search of work
bid-rent value
price of land in a settlement
CBD
central business district - centre of commercial activity in an urban place
commercial activity
business activity
- shops
- restaurants
deindustrialisation
closure of industries in HICs
gentrification
modernisation of a neighbourhood through migration of wealthier individuals and enterprises
rural urban fringe
margin of an urban place where it meets the countryside
burges model
- based on observations of chicago in 1925
- zones: CBD –> factory zone –> residential
- too simplified
core frame model
- shows urban structure of CBD
- inner core (retail, entertainment) –> outer core (offices, services) –> frame
- zone of assimilation and discard
hoyt sector model
- city develops in sectors out from CBD
- CBD = center –> low-income residential near industrial areas –> middle-class residential extending outward –> high-income residential in outermost areas
informal economy
- not regulated by government –> no taxation
- closely linked to informal settlements/slums
physical factors that influence location of economic activity
- flat land (easier for production + provides room for expansion)
- near raw materials
suburbanisation
- people who move away from the inner city to live in suburbs
- driven by overcrowding in cities, desire for more space, better environment
- results in urban sprawl
pattern of residential areas within urban areas
land values:
- most expensive housing around CBD in LICs
- most expensive housing in suburbs in HICs
measuring deprivation
physical indicators
- quality of housing
- levels of pollution
social indicators
- crime
- access to healthcare/education
economic indices
- access to employment
- levels of income
sparkbrook birmingham
- second largest city in UK
- 22% of pop. experience deprivation
- 22.5% unemployment rate (highest in country)
because of…
- deindustrialisation + loss of manufacturing jobs
centripetal population movements
people moving towards urban centres
counter urbanisation
people moving away from cities
causes of deindustrialisation
- technological advances reducing need for manual labor
- development of service industries in cities, shifting from manufacturing
consequences of deindustrialisation
social:
- depression
- more crime
economic:
- less skilled workforce
- people have to find new forms of employment
environmental:
- more waste land
demographic:
- total pop. declines
- young people leave
