Urban dynamics Flashcards
Suburbanisation
Development of medium to low density housing on outskirts of cities -> Propagates the growth of urban sprawl
-> Parramatta & West Dapto
Development of large regional shopping centres
Construction of expressways, public transport to WC -> due to movement of people away from the inner city into the new suburbs
-> 8.5 billion investment of North West Rail Link - facilitating suburbanisation
Counter-urbanisation
Reverse of urbanisation
-> Gerroa and Javis bay
People experiencing a sea change, very similar to ex-urbanisation.
Decentralisation
Moving of business from city centre to small regional centres -> further exaggerating the decline of the small town, as it prompts further job opportunities.
-> Orange
Movement of city dwellers to rural areas -> urbanisation of rural AUS & consequential urban sprawl
Creation of satellite cities (regional centers)
Urban consolidation
Policy of increasing population density in urbanised zones -> Satisfy desire for diversity of housing
Brownfield development
-> cleaned-up brownfield sites have been shown to increase nearby residential property values by 5-15%
-> This approach minimizes the need for expanding into undeveloped greenfield areas, thereby reducing urban sprawl and promoting more sustainable urban growth
Imperatives of accessibility -> reduces congestion creating transit originated precincts
Development of land zoning and strata laws
Urban decay
Urban infrastructure falls into disrepair, due to the fall of the industrial sector across Sydney.
-> Port Kembla decaying port: 2ooha are identified as unused
Driven by economic restructuring of old industrial areas in Sydney.
Changing morphology in the region -> leading to Urban renewal of the region.
Urban renewal
Replacement of all old decaying infrastructure
Performed to shift economic production to knowledge-based services -> spatial inequality, as due to their high paying jobs regions become locked to the wealthy due to high rental and property prices.
In residential areas, gentrification often takes place -> social housing close to the inner city is being sold and replaced by the rich.
-> Walsh bay urban renewal: 1960’s site of crime and murder, now 5 crimes per 1000.
-> Gentrification of Miller point: 600 public tenants were relocated, leading to average property costing $1.5 million
Urban village
Socio-economic clustering of commerce
Can be associated with particular ethnic group
-> China town: 32% chinese population
Struggle for attention against retail districts
Spatial exclusion
Minimal examples of gated communities in AUS
AUS favours master-planned estates instead
Social structures & spatial patterns
OCCUPATION & INCOME:
High rents exclude low income owners
-> Sydney top 10 most expensive cities in the world
-> gentrification of Syndey -> to increase in cost
Educated or trained jobs result in higher income
-> $1,800 per week for a bachelor degree
Decline in manufacturing employment
-> Fall of manufacturing industry more than 25% across Sydney evident in Port Kembla.
Social structures & spatial patterns
Homes
Renters are disadvantaged due to rising property values ->the further west, the more socially disadvantaged -> an effect of suburbanization in the 1940’s.
-> chasing the ‘Australian dream’
-> North Parramatta property values rose 20%.
Wealthy can purchase multiple properties leading to skyrocketing property values -> ‘housing bubble’ -> spatial exclusion
-> 10% of houses were not used as primary residence
However, Gentrification (Urban renewal) of Millar point leading to 600 social wealthfare tenets to be removed
-> Trend of Forcing the socially disadvantaged out of the inner city -> less job opportunities as they further from CBD -> further suburbanisation = rising prices.
Social structures & spatial patterns education
Environment fostered educational prowess + private schooling are receiving more money from government
-> four in ten of private schools are overfunded by government i.e Frensham
Private institutional have higher highschool retention rates -> Poorer kids have lower retention rates then the rich
Year 11 and 12 - 2021 (NSW education)
Sydney-North 90% retention rates
Sydney-SouthWest 80% retention rate
-> Suburbanisation leads to undeveloped school institutions which results in lower retention rates
-> Future looks bleak, with the gap widening resulting in a larger divide in education and therefore in economic opportunities.
Educational institutions place pupils into social order -> poor people can’t afford the increasing price of private schools.
Social structures & spatial patterns
Healthcare
EFFECTS OF SubURBANIZATION ON HEALTH:
Location affects ability to access healthcare -> the further West experiences less GP’s per 100,000 pop.
-> Eastern sydney 1100 GP per 100,000
-> South-West Sydney 800 GP per 100,000
Higher premature death in western sydney -> poor receive limited care.
-> 130 deaths per 100,000 Penrith
-> 70 deaths per 100,000 Northbridge
Inner city experienced faster healthcare compared to outskirts -> Rich receive excessive care
-> Penrith waiting 120 days
-> Royal Prince Alford (heart of the CBD) 40 ish days for a hip replacement
Social structures & spatial patterns
Ethnicity
White Australia policy prohibited ‘aliens’ from entering, this openly racial discrimination saw mass British immigration therefore, shaping Sydney current demographic portfolio.
Increased diversity -> evident in the growth of different nationalities in CBD however still greatly outnumbered.
-> 1.4 million Australians speak an Asian language
-> trend: increasing of ethnicity in the CBD, rise of Italian and south-east Asian in the CBD
URBAN VILLAGES: Ethnic groups ‘segregated’ into ‘ghettos’ across Sydney -> Dismisses egalitarian identity
-> China town
Changing economic character: Residential
Medium to high density is focalled in CBD -> More people living in apartments
45% of Greater sydney lives in medium to hgih density housing areas.
Rentals are potent in the CBD and surrounding area while privately owned is found on the outskirts.
-> 90% of pop in Pyrmont lives in appartments
Affordability is correlated with livability -> the further west the lower the livability + Areas close to harbour and coastline had high livability.
Suburbs with higher finical entry had higher livability (low crime) - due to pumping of local funds into livability.
-> 25 crimes per 1000 in Claymore
-> 5 crimes per 1000 in Walsh Bay
Changing economic character: Commercial
Westernised city transport development supports commercial activities
-> Commonwealth bank moving to CIA (central industrial area) resulting in gentrification and urban renewal.
Growth of the suburban megacity retail & banks
-> Costco found in Parramatta
NSW infrastructure projects to expand Sydney economic dominance
-> Extending the train yard to Macarthur
Changing economic character: Industry
Decline in manufacturing in CBD -> with urban renewal of manufacturing occurred between the 1940-1960’s
-> Pyrmont saw empty dockland area due to loss in demand
Development of public road supporting large warehouses owned by corporations -> due to manufacturing shift out West.
-> Public road (Westlink M7) & corporations who moved west Aldi
Growth, development, future trends and ecological sustainability
Requirement needed for more housing approvals -> repurposing of primary and secondary land into residential
-> 70% of approvals are for appartements
Government approved designed - fast tracking
Demand in schools and housing needs
Rapid population growth & lack of land -> Environmental challenges: Clearing/Habitat destruction
Lack of affordability -> suburbanisation with template of pre-built standardised homes
-> average house is $1.3 million
Exurbanisation BERRY
Houses those who live outside the city but commute daily, however, technology facilitated those to stop daily commuting to the city.
Set in peri metropolitan, but with housing bubble has resulted in skyrocketing of house pricing and land
-> ‘greenfield plots’ of land selling from 1 - 2 million dollars in Huntingdale.
Occupies: Young families or retirees
-> Berry becoming older due to two retirement homes, medium age is 57
Areas previously classified as ex-urbanisated are being suburbanisation, leading to further growth of Younger families.
-> Double of pop from 1.5 thousand to 3 thousand over two decades according to AUS census
-> Double of residential homes due to Huntingdale (SUBURBANISATION)
