Urban Criminal Collaborations Flashcards

1
Q

What percent of offences are committed jointly

A

50%

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2
Q

Why don’t Fraser and Hobbs like the the concept of the gang?

A

Ahistorical
Rigid
More to do with popular imagery
Imply concentrated deviant intent

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3
Q

Are adult or youthful urban collaborations more studied

A

Youthful urban collaborations are long studied

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4
Q

Where did the concept of the gang originate from

A

20th century Chicago school of sociology rigorous empirical investigation

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5
Q

What did Thrashers study of Chicago street gangs find

A

Identified patterns of deviant social interactions and traced the evolution of gangs to well structured groups

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6
Q

What is the American dream ideology

A

Promoted upward mobility through education and hard work

Especially prevalent in North American cities like Chicago

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7
Q

What is Merton’s strain theory

A

Strain between societal expectations and personal experiences of blocked advancement, leading to deviant paths like gangsterism

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8
Q

What is Albert Cohen’s reaction formation

A

Working class males felt alienated from middle class school values leading to status frustration

So formed subcultures with rival values emphasising martial prowess, promiscuity, substance misuse, and subversive humor

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9
Q

What did Downes 1966 say about working class lads

A

Working class lads in London east end were dissociated from middle class values, focusing instead on replicating their parents working class values

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10
Q

What is Convergence in the context of gang research

A

The Americanisation of the gang concept in Britain

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11
Q

What does the ecology of fear theory suggest about violence in the drug trade

A

It is seen as a reaction to perceived threats posed by young working class males from criminalised ethnicities

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12
Q

What does aggressive policing of gangs lead to

A

Can escalate violent confrontations and occasionally lead to major urban unrest and riots

Such as the 1992 LA riot

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13
Q

What is the political-economy perspective of criminal collaboration

A

Causal factors driving recruitment into criminal collaborations and societal reactions

Limited institutional support

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14
Q

What is the behavioural analysis of the gang

A

Focuses on gang formation and social reactions in order to gang related crime as issues of criminal justice

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15
Q

What was Pitts (2008) push and pull analysis of gangs

A

Working class males are pushed into gangs due to blocked legitimate opportunities and pulled by the alternative opportunities gangs provide

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16
Q

What is the difference between America and Britains welfare state

A

American cities historically have had limited welfare support - pushing youths towards gangs

Post war Britain welfare state reduced the push and pull factors into gangs

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17
Q

How did Britains welfare state change

A

Reduction in the welfare state in Britain (combined with contraction of full time and unskilled employment) led to a convergence in the social and economic conditions of UK and US

18
Q

What did Hallsworth and Young (2008) conclude from their study on gangs in London

A

They challenged the common perceptions of gangs and emphasise the importance of social and economic policy interventions

They criticised the ‘gang talk’ industry and ‘tame’ criminologists

19
Q

What did Fraser (2015) argue from his study of gangs in Glasgow

A

Emphasised the role of territorial identity and neighbourhood nationalisms in shaping criminal collaborations

20
Q

What did Ralph’s, Medina, & Aldridge (2009) focus on in their gang study in Manchester

A

How definitions and labelling of gangs can influence their behaviour

21
Q

What did Thrasher say about working class neighbourhoods in the context of inter-generational collaborations

A

Working class neighbourhoods serve as a source of labour for adult crime groups

22
Q

What do violent territorial disputes provide for the gangs

A

Training for activities such as extortion and territorial domination

23
Q

What are the two main criminal collaborations in the 1960s

A

North London - the Krays

South London - The Richardsons

24
Q

What are ‘manors’ in the context of gangs

A

Territories

25
Q

What is the consequence of going into other collaborations ‘manor’ uninvited?

A

Provoke violent resistance and could escalate into turf wars

E.g. shooting of George Cornell

26
Q

What is phantom capitalism of long firm frauds

A

supposedly legitimate business dealing consumer durables - after gaining trust the ‘business’ places a large order and disappears without payment

27
Q

Why could phantom capitalism of long form frauds exist during the 1960s but not now?

A

Certain historically specific conditions

• boom in demand for consumer durables due to increased disposable incomes

• at this time businesses didn’t have to register their business or provide an audit trail - which could’ve been used to track down payment

28
Q

What does Fraser and Hobbs (2017) mean by the ‘underworld’

A

They describe it as ‘a transgressive annex of proletarian industrial culture’

Meaning a realm of adult criminal collaboration that is enabled by the ‘upperworld’ of legitimate commerce

29
Q

What is the impact of the changing upperworld on the underworld

A

A subsequent restructuring of the underworld

Introduces new opportunities for collaborations whilst making older ones redundant

For example new opportunities associated with the ‘smart city’

30
Q

What was the impact of de-industrialisation on the underworld?

A

Impact on recruitment into collaborations

Collapse of the ‘factory’ and unskilled labour removed the conditions in which working class neighbourhoods could be reproduced

This disruption, displacement, and gentrification of working class areas altered the transition from youthful into adult collaborations, meaning new methods of recruitment were needed

31
Q

How did the emergence of post-industrial economy create opportunities for collaborations?

A

Supply of sex and drugs to consumers from this economy, facilitated by club ‘bouncers’

32
Q

How did deindustrialised cities aim to reinvent themselves?

A

Through the liberalisation of alcohol licensing

Night time economy boomed as more licenses were granted

33
Q

What are the three main ‘command centres’ of financial and informational power?

A

London
New York
Tokyo

34
Q

What did globalisation enable?

A

Transnational organised crime

35
Q

Where has there been an increase in recorded drug off offences in the UK?

A

Provincial towns (including south wales valleys)

36
Q

Where are the principal places in the UK in which narcotics are imported

A

Historic centres - e.g. London/Manchester/Birmingham

37
Q

Does the evolved drug market correlate with Mayhew and Engles approach

A

The rookeries of the ‘Great Towns’ of England persist, but are no longer contained within the boundaries of the Victorian slums

38
Q

How do adult criminals now recruit adolescents into the illicit drug trade

A

Grooming

• offering adolescents money and gifts that have to pay back through ‘work’

39
Q

In the new illicit drug trade, what ‘work’ are adolescent recruits expected to do?

A

Transport drugs from the principal city regions to end users in the smaller towns/provinces

Concept of ‘county lines’

40
Q

What does the concept of county lines signal?

A

The changing scope and dynamics of urban criminology in the current context of ‘smart cities’