Urban Criminal Collaborations Flashcards
What percent of offences are committed jointly
50%
Why don’t Fraser and Hobbs like the the concept of the gang?
Ahistorical
Rigid
More to do with popular imagery
Imply concentrated deviant intent
Are adult or youthful urban collaborations more studied
Youthful urban collaborations are long studied
Where did the concept of the gang originate from
20th century Chicago school of sociology rigorous empirical investigation
What did Thrashers study of Chicago street gangs find
Identified patterns of deviant social interactions and traced the evolution of gangs to well structured groups
What is the American dream ideology
Promoted upward mobility through education and hard work
Especially prevalent in North American cities like Chicago
What is Merton’s strain theory
Strain between societal expectations and personal experiences of blocked advancement, leading to deviant paths like gangsterism
What is Albert Cohen’s reaction formation
Working class males felt alienated from middle class school values leading to status frustration
So formed subcultures with rival values emphasising martial prowess, promiscuity, substance misuse, and subversive humor
What did Downes 1966 say about working class lads
Working class lads in London east end were dissociated from middle class values, focusing instead on replicating their parents working class values
What is Convergence in the context of gang research
The Americanisation of the gang concept in Britain
What does the ecology of fear theory suggest about violence in the drug trade
It is seen as a reaction to perceived threats posed by young working class males from criminalised ethnicities
What does aggressive policing of gangs lead to
Can escalate violent confrontations and occasionally lead to major urban unrest and riots
Such as the 1992 LA riot
What is the political-economy perspective of criminal collaboration
Causal factors driving recruitment into criminal collaborations and societal reactions
Limited institutional support
What is the behavioural analysis of the gang
Focuses on gang formation and social reactions in order to gang related crime as issues of criminal justice
What was Pitts (2008) push and pull analysis of gangs
Working class males are pushed into gangs due to blocked legitimate opportunities and pulled by the alternative opportunities gangs provide
What is the difference between America and Britains welfare state
American cities historically have had limited welfare support - pushing youths towards gangs
Post war Britain welfare state reduced the push and pull factors into gangs