Introductory Lecture Flashcards
What percent of the worlds resources do cities consume
80% but only occupy 2% of its land
What rate are people moving to urban areas
1.3 million per week
Global population that is 70% urban by 2020
What does ‘the Rookery’ mean
The idea of urbanisation as criminogenic
What was the impact of the first industrial revolution on urban populations
Huge migration of populations from the country-side to residence, work, and leisure in cities
What are ‘nomads’
Rootless people with little investment in the welfare of the places they live - investment instead to immediate gratification such as drugs/violence
What does Mayhew argue that slum dwellers views are of society are
Slum dwellers chose to reject civil society and the more disciplined life of the ‘respectable class’
These people are a threat to ‘providence’ - idea of self discipline in the pursuit of future self improvement
What does Graham and Clarke say about unregulated sexualties
Threatened the reproductive capacity and moral order of the nation
Homosexual men had to be imprisoned and prostitutes labelled as deviant
When did the eugenics movement begin
1880s
What is the eugenics movement
The movement focused on the idea that people’s mental and physical abilities were determined by their genetics
Those considered unfit or degenerate were a threat to the superior races and should be prevented from reproducing
What is British Imperialism
Racial ideology which considered the white upper and middle class to be superior and civilised
What was the fear of ‘alien’ cultures
Belief that immigration was linked to crime and competition for resources
What was the result of the fear of alien cultures
collapse of community cohesion
Riots driven my growing socialist movements - protestors targeting wealthy areas
Fear of revolution
What did Mayhew say the fear of unregulated sexualities is
Mayhew highlighted concerns about the lack of chastity among poor women which reflected broader fears about crime and social instability in Victorian cities
What was unregulated sexualities a threat to
The cities moral values and economic progress
Eugenics movement interested in controlling sexuality
Why was prostitution seen as a danger
Promoted recreational sex which was viewed as self-indulgent and disconnected from reproduction
What did Engels 1845 argue in the condition of the working class
Conditions of social inequality pulled the poor into crime (rather than moral choices)
When was the period of high modernity
1900 - 1970s
What happened during the period of high modernity
Rapid urban growth in North America and Western Europe
Cities expanded into suburbs, creating a distinction between stable residential/commuter areas and inner-city zones experiencing constant changes as new people moved in and upwardly mobile people moved out
Where are the zones of transition
Inner city areas
What are the characteristics of the zone in transition
Disorganised
High crime
What did Shaw and McKay say about the zone in transition
Juvenile delinquents would be concentrated in this zone because of its socially disorganised qualities
Absence of adult guardianship and authority of juvenilles
What happened in the mid-20th century urban reconstruction
Slum clearance and the rise of the council estate
What were 20th century slum clearance programmes
Relocation of inner city residents to newly built municipal or ‘council’ housing estates with semi-attached houses and generous gardens
Aimed to facilitate a healthier transition for adolescence to adulthood
What was the downfall of slum clearance programmes
Optimistic
Crime had become routinised in everyday life
When was the re-emergence of the dangerous city
1960s - 1970s
What happened during the crisis of urban progress in the mid 1960s
Series of riots concentrated in inner cities of major American cities
Such as Watts in Los Angeles
What happened to the zones of transition during the urban crisis of the mid 1960s
Turned into zones of stagnation
What are zones of stagnation
Places where personal and collective progress stalled
What were the new struggles of the 1960s-70s
Slum housing replaced with high-rise flats which worsened urban stagnation
Why are high-rise flats ideal for crimes
Lack defensible space (good visibility and informal social control)
What are YUPPIES
young, upwardly mobile professionals, often white and college educated moved back into inner cities to avoid commuting, upgrading the housing there
What is gentrification
Poor areas are changed by wealthy people moving in, improving housing and attracting new businesses
What were the struggles of gentrification
Struggle over housing
Low income families couldn’t afford higher prices
Leisure venues catering for more expensive taste
What were the new patterns of conflict
Crisis of urban progress became racialised as BAME populations were more likely to remain stuck in limited opportunities for employment
Why were there fears of a mugging epidemic
Small number of BAME individuals engaging in street crimes like robbery received disproportionate attention in media and political campaigns
Who coined the term ecology of fear
Mike Davis 1998
What does the term ‘ecology of fear’ describe
The worsening relationship between police and inner city residents during 1980s and 1990s
What did Davis say about crime during the 1980s and 1990s
Crime became the norm - constant fear of unrest and crime
Actual crime rates were decreasing but the perception and fear of crime were rising
What is a ‘fortress mentality’
Security homes and communities through various measures
E.g. installing household security systems and creating gated residential estates
What is quarantined community
In the ecology of fear, public policing focuses on safeguarding routes that affluent people use to commute from wealthy suburbs to work and leisure spots
Commuter routes are quarantined by the police to protect against crime
Offices/fancy restaurants/shopping malls in city centres are patrolled by a mix of public and private security
What is the demise of civic policing
Abandonment of public protection for lower-income areas
Citizens left to fend for themselves in areas of high violence associated with ‘turf wars’
What is the gulag rim
The area where the city meets the prison system
What are the characteristics of the fourth industrial revolution
People working online, leisure, shopping online, leading to hyperconnectivity with others globally
