Urban Change

Question 1

Economic causes of urbanisation

Answer 1

• offer job opportunities/ better paid
• as population grows, businesses and shops grow so become more profitable- so more jobs and wage rises
• commercial farming overtakes subsistence, so agricultural decline drives more ppl to urban areas

Question 2

Social causes of urbanisation

Answer 2

• higher living standards (improved access to education and healthcare)
• migration increases cultural diversity in area, making ppl more tolerant of others. However, segregation is common.

Question 3

Technological causes of urbanisation

Answer 3

• emergence of factories makes cities hotspots for tech advancements
• E.G. Manchester in 19th century became first industrialised city and branded ‘Cottonopolis’
• offers very high paid jobs

Question 4

Political causes of urbanisation

Answer 4

-may lead to increased inequality between rich and poor creating a ‘working class’ (manufacturing industry)

Question 5

Demographic causes of urbanisation

Answer 5

• migrants attracted to these growing cities so create a more culturally diverse and ethnically diverse area E.G. Chinatown in NYC
• Cities tend to have a younger population as they are attracted by jobs/entertainment, they then raise families

Question 6

Why did de industrialisation occur in Developed countries

Answer 6

• 1960’s , developing nations such as Taiwan became industrialised.
• These countries could produce goods at cheaper labour costs. This meant companies in developed countries used labour in these countries, leaving industries with no work.
• This resulted in large unemployment and poverty
• in 1983, 3 million ppl were unemployed in UK (most since ww2)

Question 7

What service dominated Western countries by 1980’s and why

Answer 7

Service sector

Responsible for economic growth since deindustrialisation

Question 8

Decentralisation

Answer 8

• Land prices in city centres increased
• Businesses relocated to suburbs
• increased quantity of retail parks
• leaving few businesses in centre, creating poverty and dereliction

Question 9

What were Urban Development Corporations 1979-1990’s

Answer 9

They used private sector funding to restore derelict areas

Question 10

What were the first 2 urban development corporations

Answer 10

London Docklands and Liverpool 1981.

Question 11

What were the main aims of Urban development corporations

Answer 11

1) attract new businesses
2) improve local environment
3) create jobs
4) build houses

Question 12

Between 1981 and 1998 what did urban development corporations complete

Answer 12

• 24000 homes
• 85000 jobs
• built schools, parks and community structures (watersports)

Question 13

How many urban development corporations were there by 1993 , but what were they criticised for?

Answer 13

12, ignoring needs of local residents

Question 14

What are Entreprise zones and what were they built for?

Answer 14

They are established in areas of high unemployment from 1981.
-aim to create start up companies to create jobs (by reducing tax)

Question 15

What had entreprise zones done by 1990

Answer 15

• housed over 5000 companies

- employed over 125000 ppl

Question 16

What issue occured with Entreprise zones

Answer 16

Many existing companies moved their premises to these zones, limiting the number of new jobs