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Jeff Science UR > UR Biology Revision Questions > Flashcards

UR Biology Revision Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between breathing and respiration?

A

Breathing is exchange of gases, Respiration reaction in cells to release energy

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2
Q

Write out the equation for respiration

A

Glucose + oxygen _ carbon dioxide + water + energy

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3
Q

What part of the air do we take into our blood and why?

A

Oxygen - needed for respiration in cells, carried by red blood cells (haemoglobin)

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4
Q

What do we breathe out that is a waste product from respiration?

A

Carbon Dioxide (dissolved in plasma in blood)

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5
Q

Where does this our waste product in respiration come from?

A

Respiration in cells, waste product

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6
Q

What carries the oxygen in our blood?

A

Haemoglobin in red blood cells

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7
Q

How are red blood cells specially adapted to carry out their function?

A

They have no nucleus and therefore extra space to carry the oxygen

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8
Q

What is the function of white blood cells in our body?

A

To fight disease -two types Lymphocytes to make antibodies, and phagocytes to digest germs

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9
Q

What vessels carry blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries

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10
Q

What vessels carry the blood back to our heart?

A

Veins

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11
Q

What is the name of the vessel that has thin walls, which helps food, oxygen and waste pass through to neighbouring cells

A

Capillaries

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12
Q

What are the nutrients required for a balanced diet?

A

Carbohydrates, Fat, Protein, Vitamins, Minerals, Fibre, Water

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13
Q

Where does the digestion start in our bodies?

A

Mouth

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14
Q

Why is it dangerous to eat too much saturated fat in our diet?

A

Can lead to deposits of fat in our blood vessels, which can cause heart attacks; leads to obesity

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15
Q

Why do we need to chew our food?

A

To mix it with saliva to make it easier to swallow and to make it smaller to ease digestion

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16
Q

What breaks down food molecules in our alimentary canal?

A

Enzymes

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17
Q

Why do foods need to be broken down (digested) in our alimentary canal?

A

So that they are soluble and smali enough to dissolve into the blood stream

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18
Q

What do carbohydrates give us in our bodies?

A

Glucose - needed for energy

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19
Q

What do proteins give us in our bodies?

A

Amino acids - needed for growth, repair of cells

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20
Q

What do fats give us in our bodies?

A

Fatty acids & glycerol - energy & insuiation of cells

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21
Q

Why is our stomach pH (two reasons)?

A

Acidic to kill bacteria, and help digestion of protein

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22
Q

Why is the small intestine so good at absorbing food ( reasons)?

A

Long so very large surface area, thin lining for food to pass through, a good blood supply

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23
Q

What do our kidneys do in our body?

A

Remove waste chemicals from the blood, urea

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24
Q

What does a lack of Vit C cause?

A

Scurvy

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25
Q

What type of food will fix the disease from lack of Vit C?

A

Citrus fruits, watercress

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26
Q

What does the lack of Calcium cause?

A

Rickets

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27
Q

What type of food will fix the disease from lack of calcium?

A

Fish, Dairy products

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28
Q

Exp: What is the test for starch?

A

Brown iodine solution _ blue/black

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29
Q

What is meant by egestion?

A

Getting rid of solid waste products from digestion

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30
Q

What is meant by excretion?

A

Getting rid of waste chemicals from reaction in cells

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31
Q

What is the test for CO, and how do you know if CO, is present?

A

Limewater goes from clear to cloudy

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32
Q

What are the three main functions of the skeleton?

A

Support, movement and protection

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33
Q

What do antagonistic muscles mean?

A

Muscles that work in pairs, but in opposite direction

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34
Q

What is a ligament?

A

Tissue which attaches bones together

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35
Q

SWhat is a tendon?

A

Tissue which attaches muscles to bones

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36
Q

Where does fertilisation occur in a human?

A

Oviduct

37
Q

Where does pollination occur on a plant?

A

Stigma

38
Q

Where does fertilisation occur in a plant?

A

Ovary

39
Q

What is the function of the flower on a plant?

A

Reproduction

40
Q

Why do plant seeds have to be dispersed?

A

To improve the chances of survival for the plant

41
Q

Name the types of seed dispersal?

A

Animal, wind, water, explosion (self dispersal)

42
Q

Explain pollination

A

Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma

43
Q

Explain fertilisation

A

The fusing of male & female sex cells (gametes)

44
Q

Explain how the fruit is formed

A

The ovary swells

45
Q

What are the three conditions needed for germination?

A

Warmth (favourable temperature), oxygen and water (WOW)

46
Q

Where is sperm deposited if fertilisation is to occur in humans?

A

Vagina

47
Q

Where are sperm produced in male humans?

A

Testes

48
Q

Where are eggs produced in female humans?

A

Ovaries

49
Q

After fertilisation occurs in a plant what is the ovule & pollen called?

A

Zygote

50
Q

What does zygote develop into?

A

Seed

51
Q

What does the ovary develop into?

A

Fruit

52
Q

Why has the egg have a yolk in humans?

A

To provide the developing zygote with food source

53
Q

What is the fertilised egg called after fertilisation?

A

Zygote

54
Q

What is the developing baby nourished by?

A

Placenta

55
Q

What are the two main substances transferred from the mother to the foetus?

A

Oxygen and Food

56
Q

What are the two main substances that are transferred from the foetus to the mother?

A

Carbon Dioxide and Urea

57
Q

What are the three harmful substances in smoking?

A

Nicotine, Carbon Monoxide and Tar

58
Q

What are three diseases that smoking can cause?

A

Lung cancer, emphysema, bronchitis

59
Q

Name one bacterial disease and one caused by a virus

A

Bacteria - salmonella, pneumonia, tuberculosis / Virus - chicken pox, flu, AIDS, measles

60
Q

What are the four factors that affect photosynthesis?

A

Sunlight, temperature, water and Carbon dioxide

61
Q

Write the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon Dioxide + water _ glucose + oxygen (sunlight and Chlorophyll over the arrow)

62
Q

Exp: Explain how we could test a leaf to see if contains starch?

A

Boil in water (soften cuticle), place in hot ethanol (to remove chlorophyll), rinse, use iodine solution

63
Q

Exp: Describe an experiment where we showed that oxygen is produced in photosynthesis

A

Using pondweed - by placing upturned funnel and test tube to collect gas - relights glowing splint

64
Q

Exp: How did we show that by increasing light intensity we increased the rate of photosynthesis

A

Counting the bubbles produced by pondweed as light was moved closer the rate increased

65
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts - where will you find most of them in a plant?

A

Contain chlorophyll to trap sunlight for photosynthesis, mainly in palisade cells in top layer of leaf

66
Q

What are the functions of leaves?

A

To absorb sunlight for photosynthesis & gas exchange

67
Q

What are the functions of stems?

A

To support leaves, provide structure

68
Q

What are the functions of roots?

A

To absorb water & minerals and anchor plant

69
Q

What are the functions of root hair?

A

To increase surface area of root to absorb water

70
Q

What are the three minerals needed for growth of plants?

A

Nitrogen, Potassium, and Phosphates

71
Q

How does Carbon get from the air into animal cells?

A

By plants photosynthesising, animals eating plants and digestion of food into blood stream - Carbon Cycle

72
Q

How does nitrogen get into the soil?

A

Decomposition of dead and decaying organisms

73
Q

What is pollution?

A

Carbon dioxide adding to global warming, CFe’s reducing Ozone layer Sulphur dioxide leading to acid rain

74
Q

What is meant by environmental variation?

A

Variation in organisms that is affected by how thing live, eat, schooling etceg, weight

75
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

To control the production of proteins in the cell and control the function of the cellDetermines characteristics as contains genes

76
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Inside a nucleus there are pairs of chromosomes made of strands of DNA ( pairs in humans)

77
Q

What does a chromosome do?

A

Carry genes which determine our characteristics

78
Q

Where do you find chromosomes?

A

In pairs inside the nucleus of each cell (except gametes -sex cells only contain half genetic info)

79
Q

How many chromosomes does a human have?

A

pairs or

80
Q

How many chromosomes does an egg & sperm have and why?

A

single chromosomes, so that when fertilisation occurs the new cell has a complete set

81
Q

What is a gene?

A

Genes are made up of DNA and carry genetic information, they are like beads on a necklace

82
Q

Name the five kingdoms

A

Animal, Plant, Bacteria (MoneransJ, Fungi & Single celled organisms (Protists)

83
Q

Name the five vertebrate (chordate) phylums & diagnostic features for each phylumThink of body temp, skin covering, breathing, fertilisation, eggs, care of young

A

Mammal - fur & give birth to live young (feed milk) / Bird - feathers, lay hard shelled eggs / Fish _ gills, soft scales, soft eggs in water / Amphibian - slimly damp skin, soft eggs in water Reptile -hard scales, leathery eggs on land

84
Q

What is the difference between arachnids & insects?

A

Insect - pairs legs, body parts, wings, antennae / Arachnid - pairs legs, body parts, no wings, no antennae

85
Q

Drawa food chain(Remember direction of arrows and start with a producerl)

A

Seeds _ mouse _ owl

86
Q

Explain how you would set up a microscope to look at a specimen already prepared for you(Use bullet point to write a method!)

A

Mirror in correct place, place slide on stage & clip into placePut onto lowest magnification, wind focus down to lowest and focus upwards (so as not to damage slide) use coarse focus first and then fine focusChange objective lens to increase magnification

87
Q

How would you prepare a specimen to look at under a microscope?

A

Take a thin piece of onion skin, place flat on clean slide, stain with iodine solution and place cover slip over the top (ensure no air bubbles) For human or other cells use methylene blue as the stain

88
Q

How are ciliated epithelial cells adapted to carry out their job in the lining of the windpipe?

A

They have small hairs which have a coating of mucus which traps germs and then beat in a rhythm to pass the mucus up & out of windpipe

Jeff Science UR (8 decks)

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