UR Biology Revision Questions Flashcards
What is the difference between breathing and respiration?
Breathing is exchange of gases, Respiration reaction in cells to release energy
Write out the equation for respiration
Glucose + oxygen _ carbon dioxide + water + energy
What part of the air do we take into our blood and why?
Oxygen - needed for respiration in cells, carried by red blood cells (haemoglobin)
What do we breathe out that is a waste product from respiration?
Carbon Dioxide (dissolved in plasma in blood)
Where does this our waste product in respiration come from?
Respiration in cells, waste product
What carries the oxygen in our blood?
Haemoglobin in red blood cells
How are red blood cells specially adapted to carry out their function?
They have no nucleus and therefore extra space to carry the oxygen
What is the function of white blood cells in our body?
To fight disease -two types Lymphocytes to make antibodies, and phagocytes to digest germs
What vessels carry blood away from the heart?
Arteries
What vessels carry the blood back to our heart?
Veins
What is the name of the vessel that has thin walls, which helps food, oxygen and waste pass through to neighbouring cells
Capillaries
What are the nutrients required for a balanced diet?
Carbohydrates, Fat, Protein, Vitamins, Minerals, Fibre, Water
Where does the digestion start in our bodies?
Mouth
Why is it dangerous to eat too much saturated fat in our diet?
Can lead to deposits of fat in our blood vessels, which can cause heart attacks; leads to obesity
Why do we need to chew our food?
To mix it with saliva to make it easier to swallow and to make it smaller to ease digestion
What breaks down food molecules in our alimentary canal?
Enzymes
Why do foods need to be broken down (digested) in our alimentary canal?
So that they are soluble and smali enough to dissolve into the blood stream
What do carbohydrates give us in our bodies?
Glucose - needed for energy
What do proteins give us in our bodies?
Amino acids - needed for growth, repair of cells
What do fats give us in our bodies?
Fatty acids & glycerol - energy & insuiation of cells
Why is our stomach pH (two reasons)?
Acidic to kill bacteria, and help digestion of protein
Why is the small intestine so good at absorbing food ( reasons)?
Long so very large surface area, thin lining for food to pass through, a good blood supply
What do our kidneys do in our body?
Remove waste chemicals from the blood, urea
What does a lack of Vit C cause?
Scurvy
What type of food will fix the disease from lack of Vit C?
Citrus fruits, watercress
What does the lack of Calcium cause?
Rickets
What type of food will fix the disease from lack of calcium?
Fish, Dairy products
Exp: What is the test for starch?
Brown iodine solution _ blue/black
What is meant by egestion?
Getting rid of solid waste products from digestion
What is meant by excretion?
Getting rid of waste chemicals from reaction in cells
What is the test for CO, and how do you know if CO, is present?
Limewater goes from clear to cloudy
What are the three main functions of the skeleton?
Support, movement and protection
What do antagonistic muscles mean?
Muscles that work in pairs, but in opposite direction
What is a ligament?
Tissue which attaches bones together
SWhat is a tendon?
Tissue which attaches muscles to bones
Where does fertilisation occur in a human?
Oviduct
Where does pollination occur on a plant?
Stigma
Where does fertilisation occur in a plant?
Ovary
What is the function of the flower on a plant?
Reproduction
Why do plant seeds have to be dispersed?
To improve the chances of survival for the plant
Name the types of seed dispersal?
Animal, wind, water, explosion (self dispersal)
Explain pollination
Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma
Explain fertilisation
The fusing of male & female sex cells (gametes)
Explain how the fruit is formed
The ovary swells
What are the three conditions needed for germination?
Warmth (favourable temperature), oxygen and water (WOW)
Where is sperm deposited if fertilisation is to occur in humans?
Vagina
Where are sperm produced in male humans?
Testes
Where are eggs produced in female humans?
Ovaries
After fertilisation occurs in a plant what is the ovule & pollen called?
Zygote
What does zygote develop into?
Seed
What does the ovary develop into?
Fruit
Why has the egg have a yolk in humans?
To provide the developing zygote with food source
What is the fertilised egg called after fertilisation?
Zygote
What is the developing baby nourished by?
Placenta
What are the two main substances transferred from the mother to the foetus?
Oxygen and Food
What are the two main substances that are transferred from the foetus to the mother?
Carbon Dioxide and Urea
What are the three harmful substances in smoking?
Nicotine, Carbon Monoxide and Tar
What are three diseases that smoking can cause?
Lung cancer, emphysema, bronchitis
Name one bacterial disease and one caused by a virus
Bacteria - salmonella, pneumonia, tuberculosis / Virus - chicken pox, flu, AIDS, measles
What are the four factors that affect photosynthesis?
Sunlight, temperature, water and Carbon dioxide
Write the word equation for photosynthesis?
Carbon Dioxide + water _ glucose + oxygen (sunlight and Chlorophyll over the arrow)
Exp: Explain how we could test a leaf to see if contains starch?
Boil in water (soften cuticle), place in hot ethanol (to remove chlorophyll), rinse, use iodine solution
Exp: Describe an experiment where we showed that oxygen is produced in photosynthesis
Using pondweed - by placing upturned funnel and test tube to collect gas - relights glowing splint
Exp: How did we show that by increasing light intensity we increased the rate of photosynthesis
Counting the bubbles produced by pondweed as light was moved closer the rate increased
What is the function of chloroplasts - where will you find most of them in a plant?
Contain chlorophyll to trap sunlight for photosynthesis, mainly in palisade cells in top layer of leaf
What are the functions of leaves?
To absorb sunlight for photosynthesis & gas exchange
What are the functions of stems?
To support leaves, provide structure
What are the functions of roots?
To absorb water & minerals and anchor plant
What are the functions of root hair?
To increase surface area of root to absorb water
What are the three minerals needed for growth of plants?
Nitrogen, Potassium, and Phosphates
How does Carbon get from the air into animal cells?
By plants photosynthesising, animals eating plants and digestion of food into blood stream - Carbon Cycle
How does nitrogen get into the soil?
Decomposition of dead and decaying organisms
What is pollution?
Carbon dioxide adding to global warming, CFe’s reducing Ozone layer Sulphur dioxide leading to acid rain
What is meant by environmental variation?
Variation in organisms that is affected by how thing live, eat, schooling etceg, weight
What is the function of the nucleus?
To control the production of proteins in the cell and control the function of the cellDetermines characteristics as contains genes
What is a chromosome?
Inside a nucleus there are pairs of chromosomes made of strands of DNA ( pairs in humans)
What does a chromosome do?
Carry genes which determine our characteristics
Where do you find chromosomes?
In pairs inside the nucleus of each cell (except gametes -sex cells only contain half genetic info)
How many chromosomes does a human have?
pairs or
How many chromosomes does an egg & sperm have and why?
single chromosomes, so that when fertilisation occurs the new cell has a complete set
What is a gene?
Genes are made up of DNA and carry genetic information, they are like beads on a necklace
Name the five kingdoms
Animal, Plant, Bacteria (MoneransJ, Fungi & Single celled organisms (Protists)
Name the five vertebrate (chordate) phylums & diagnostic features for each phylumThink of body temp, skin covering, breathing, fertilisation, eggs, care of young
Mammal - fur & give birth to live young (feed milk) / Bird - feathers, lay hard shelled eggs / Fish _ gills, soft scales, soft eggs in water / Amphibian - slimly damp skin, soft eggs in water Reptile -hard scales, leathery eggs on land
What is the difference between arachnids & insects?
Insect - pairs legs, body parts, wings, antennae / Arachnid - pairs legs, body parts, no wings, no antennae
Drawa food chain(Remember direction of arrows and start with a producerl)
Seeds _ mouse _ owl
Explain how you would set up a microscope to look at a specimen already prepared for you(Use bullet point to write a method!)
Mirror in correct place, place slide on stage & clip into placePut onto lowest magnification, wind focus down to lowest and focus upwards (so as not to damage slide) use coarse focus first and then fine focusChange objective lens to increase magnification
How would you prepare a specimen to look at under a microscope?
Take a thin piece of onion skin, place flat on clean slide, stain with iodine solution and place cover slip over the top (ensure no air bubbles) For human or other cells use methylene blue as the stain
How are ciliated epithelial cells adapted to carry out their job in the lining of the windpipe?
They have small hairs which have a coating of mucus which traps germs and then beat in a rhythm to pass the mucus up & out of windpipe
