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Geo-graph-y > UPs STATS + QUOTES > Flashcards

UPs STATS + QUOTES Flashcards

1
Q

Op of global networks
Flows of Capital (4)

A

London houses over one-third of Europe’s billion dollar companies which significantly influence the global economy, dominating large scale decision making and flows of capital

London HQ of multinational oil and gas company BP ranked 8th in the top 100 TNCs (UNCTAD, 2018) outsources in Philippines and India

NYSE and NASDAQ $50 trillion US dollars (Statistica, 2022)

Due to Russia invading Ukraine, almost all foreign automotive manufacturers withdrew from Russia and production in 2022 was down by 97% from 2021 (CNBC, 2022)

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2
Q

Op of global networks
Flows of People (6)

A

In London, 40% of population is foreign-born (City of London, 2022) with skilled work accounting for 63% of work-related visas granted in 2022 (UK Government)

According to the UN, the UK ranked 3rd in attracting highly skilled workers

HSBC has offices in 64 countries (supports the ‘promotion of highly skilled people to other countries’)

London has 26 million tourists annually, 17.8 million which are international

London Heathrow ranked 2nd busiest international airport, employing 76,000 people (more jobs = even more people)

London’s tourism industry, which contributes 9% of national GDP and has employed 380 000 people

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3
Q

Op of global networks
Flows of Information (3)

A

According to the GaWC run from Loughborough University in the UK, London is a WC ranked in the highest Alpha++ level based on its connectivity to the world

BBC Worldwide reaches 364 mil people weekly worldwide and BBC World News is broadcasted in English 24 hours a day in more than 200 countries

London has the world’s highest concentration of universities (43) with 120,000 international students enrolled at any given time

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4
Q

Dom + dep 3 points

A
  1. Financial Control of Production & Distribution
  2. Technological Dominance and Innovation
  3. Widespread Cultural Influence
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5
Q

Dom + dep
1. Financial Control of Production & Distribution

A

London with the world’s 3rd largest economy (The Globalist, 2021)

According to Statistica, London had a GDP of £731b British pounds and 271 HQs of 500 global TNCs (e.g. Unilever)

London has a 20% share of the world’s human capital in 2017 (City of London)

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6
Q

Dom + dep
Technological Dominance and Innovation

A

The invention of the iPhone transformed the mobile phone industry and their many products brought consistent sales (Apple raised $365 billion US dollars in revenue in 2021) and this has cemented Greater San Fran as a centre of global dominance as over 1 billion people use their products and services daily

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7
Q

Dom + dep
Widespread Cultural Influence

A

London Fashion Week generates over £100 million pounds of orders and over 32,000 hours of digital content watched in the UK from more than 100 countries

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8
Q

Def of rgnl city + small towns

A

Regional centre defined as population between 11,000-50,000 people whilst ABS defines small towns with populations between 1000-19,000

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9
Q

Dubbo pop growth + small town pop decline

A

Dubbo grown at 2.1% from 2017-18
Bogan Shire decline by 1.7% in same period

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10
Q

Dubbo
- Location
- Population
- Economy
- Evocity (services)

A

Dubbo is located in the Orana Region on the western slopes of NSW and Macquarie River, a little over 400 km north-west of Sydney

Dubbo population: 43,516 (2021 Census) from its 2011 population of 32,327

Dubbo supports a total of 23,000 jobs, with an annual economic output of $6.8 bil

Australian Unity Wellbeing index data showed that people living in regional Australia are the happiest - as an Evocity member, rapid growth with attractive housing costs ($400 000), 6 major shopping centres, 20 schools, 4 tertiary campuses and 120 eateries (leading to increased employment opportunities)

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11
Q

Nyngan + Bogan Shire (3)

A

Population of 1953 (2021 Census)

Lost 10.5% of its population since 1986 (The Regional Institute)

In April 1990, Nyngan and Bogan Shire suffered the worst flooding the area has known when a wall of water 14 km wide spread across the town, resulting in its inundation and isolation, causing ‘$50 million of damage’ (Michael Cawood, flood expert)

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12
Q

Growth, development, future trends and ecological sustainability
GROWTH
- Syd past/present
- Suburbanisation
- Urban consolidation

A

In the past 25 years, Sydney has grown from a population of 1.3 million to 4.7 million

According to the NSW Dept of Planning, Sydney’s population is projected to reach 9.8 million by 2041

Suburbanisation, where 181,000 new homes are to be built in western Sydney by 2036 (Australian govt, 2021)

Urban consolidation: inner city area and ‘Global Sydney’ corridor, where 29% of Sydney housing were townhouses or apartments (2021 Census)

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13
Q

World cities role
Cultural Authority (4)

A

Opening ceremony of the 2008 Beijing Olympics had 4.7 billion viewers (70% of world’s population)

London Fashion Week generates over £100 million pounds in orders per season and over 32,000 hours of digital content watched from over 100 countries

Wimbledon Championships 2019 saw 500,000 people attend and Louvre in Paris contributes greatly to its status as the ‘world’s most popular tourist destination’

London Heathrow ranked 2nd busiest international airport (OAG)

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14
Q

Opening stat for role of WCs

A

London, NY and Tokyo are examples of thriving world cities, with London ranking 2nd in Business Insider’s Most Influential Cities Ranking 2018

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15
Q

MC characteristics

A

Informal economy (69% of Lagos population)
Manufacturing (35-40% of Mumbai population)

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16
Q

MC spat dist (3)

A

Majority of megacities are in or near the tropics (23°N and 23°S)

There are approximately 35 megacities globally, with 25 of these being located in the developing world (predicted to grow to 43 by 2030)

Exponential population growth has led to the projected 17 megacities in Africa by 2030

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17
Q

CHALL + RESP
MC Housing - LAGOS (2)

A

Insecure housing is a major challenge in Lagos Nigeria, with ⅔ of the population of 21 million living in slums with no access to roads, clean water, and waste disposal (BBC, 2019)

Lagos Megacity Project aimed to destroy ¾ of slums (Quartz Africa)

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18
Q

CHALL + RESP
MC Water - LAGOS
no. of people worldwide lacking access to basic drinking water

A

Worldwide 884 million people lack basic drinking water (TapSafe, 2021)

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19
Q

LAGOS WATER DEMAND
+
% with water

A

Lagos has a 724 million gallon demand daily despite only 317 million gallons produced per day (Transnational Institute, 2020)

The UN estimates that only 10% of the population have access to piped water supply, however even this system is in disrepair

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20
Q

LAGOS WATER RESP

A

Packaged sachets of water 6 cents affordability (TapSafe, 2021)

In a 2009 laboratory study of 10 sachet water brands on the market of Lagos, researcher A.C. Dada found extremely low levels of compliance with regulatory standards (22% of all samples were non-compliant)

World Bank investing $200 million in Lagos in attempts to extend and improve the water supply infrastructure

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21
Q

JAKARTA POP (link to challenge)

A

Jakarta is extremely congested as it has a population of more than 30 million people

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21
Q

Extent of Jakarta traffic congestion + infrastructure chall (3)

A

Jakarta was named the world city with the worst traffic in the Castrol Stop Start Index in 2019

While the number of motorised vehicles has increased by 8.1% annually, the road network has only grown at a rate of 0.01% (Jakarta govt)

It is the supply and demand imbalance that creates the traffic congestion, according to Jakarta Deputy Governor Sutanto Soehodho, who is in charge of transportation

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22
Q

Jakarta traffic response (2)

A

The MRT was first planned in 1997, but was not completed until 2019 (Indonesia Investments) which signifies a very slow and ineffective response

According to Channel News Asia, there were only 14 trains running daily across 15.7km of railway line

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23
Q

UD - case study universal introduction
Syd location

A

Sydney is a secondary world city in Australia, situated on a latitude of 34°S and longitude 151°E with a population of 5.2 million living in low density suburbs sprawling over 12,000km²

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24
Q

SYD EDU (2) - part of social structure and spatial patterns of advantage and disadvantage, wealth and poverty, ethnicity

A

71.2% of schools south of the latte line are below the national average compared to only 3.6% north of the line (SMH, 2021)

“No schools in any of the City’s advantage suburbs are below the national average, and almost no schools in disadvantaged areas are above average” - Crinchton Smith, Macquarie Uni

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25
Q

SYD ethnicity (2)

A

Sydney is a highly ethnically diverse city, with 42% of the population speaking a language other than English at home (ABS, 2021)

Migrants of Hong Kong/Chinese heritage (16%) are generally from the ‘skilled migrant programme’ attracted to Sydney due to better education and high paying job opportunities

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26
Q

Spatial Patterns of Advantage/Disadvantage

A

‘Suburbanisation of disadvantage’ - Professor Randolf, UNSW

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27
Q

Health - adv developments

A

Hornsby Ku-ring-gai Hospital underwent a $265 million redevelopment in 2021

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28
Q

Health - disadv obesity

A

Highest rates of overweight/obese children residing in western/south Sydney (e.g. ⅓ of children in Mount Druitt are obese) compared to obesity being lowest in northern suburbs like Mosman where 83% of children had healthy range BMIs (SMH, 2019)

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29
Q

Health - western and southern suburbs

A

75% of adults in Western and Southern suburbs did little to no exercise (SMH, 2019)

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30
Q

CHGING ECON CHAR, RES, COMM, INDUS
Indus dev

A

People employed in manufacturing declined from 28% in 1966 to less than 8% today (Committee for Sydney, 2017)

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30
Q

CHGING ECON CHAR, RES, COMM, INDUS
Comm dev (1)
Retail comm dev (2)

A

‘Global Sydney’ generates 41% of NSW’s total economic output (Infrastructure NSW) and employs 1 million people in tertiary jobs

Since the 1960s, there have been rapid changeovers consisting of the merging and purchasing of businesses

The extent of this change is evident through 25% of Sydneysiders’ shopping occurring in such complexes

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30
Q

BROO
Introductory stats (2)

A

Barangaroo is a 22 hectare waterfront precinct/suburb located on the North Western edge of Sydney’s CBD and the southern end of the Sydney Opera House at 34°S, 151°E

Sydney’s largest urban renewal project since 2000 Olympics, costing $6+ billion (Greater Sydney Commission)

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31
Q

CHGING ECON CHAR, RES, COMM, INDUS
Changing economic character (2)

A

There are over 600 multinational firms in the city (Invest NSW, 2021)

In 2018/19 Greater Sydney had a GDP of over $460 billion per year, which is around quarter of Australia’s GDP and around three quarters of the NSW GDP (City of Sydney, 2020)

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32
Q

GROWTH and DEVELOPMENT of Sydney (6)
- past and future
- cities
- horizontal and vertical growth
- economic development

A

In the past 25 years, Sydney has grown from a population of 1.3 million to 4.7 million

According to the NSW Department of Planning, Sydney’s population is projected to reach 9.8 million by 2041

Greater City Regional Plan outlines the development of Sydney into 3 polycentric city ‘mini cities’: Eastern Harbours City (CBD), Central River City (Parramatta) and Western Parklands City (Badgerys Creek)

Horizontal growth has largely been the result of suburbanisation, where 181,000 new homes are to be built in western Sydney by 2036 (Australian govt, 2021)

Urban consolidation: 29% of Sydney housing were townhouses or apartments (2021 Census)

Barangaroo’s contribution of $2 billion annually to Australia’s economy (Infrastructure NSW)

33
Q

FUTURE TRENDS of Sydney
mainly industries

A

There has been a 700% increase in telehealth services and large scale increases in collaborative work and social platforms since the beginning of the COVID pandemic

Digital Restart Fund, an investment including $240 million for cyber security (NSW govt)

Sydney’s banking and finance sector, which are its globally competitive industries, will account for one in every five dollars generated by the city’s economy by 2026 (SMH)

Healthcare, leisure and aged-care services are expected to grow to nearly 8% of Sydney’s economic share by 2026 and offer up to 50,000 jobs by 2036 around Westmead in a bid to transform it into Sydney’s Silicon Valley of health services (SMH)

34
Q

ECOL SUS of Sydney - what are the dynamics involved?

A

suburbanisation, urban consolidation and renewal

35
Q

Syd ECOL SUS - suburbanisation (3)

A

Sydney has grown outwards at a rapid and undesirable rate, where approximately 40 new homes are completed daily (ABC News, 2020)

Western suburbs are 6-10°C hotter in summer than the eastern suburbs, resulting in uncomfortable living conditions and detrimental impacts on the environment

Positive: new housing estates such as Glenwood and Rouse Hill in Sydney’s north west having mandatory recycling of water and building products

36
Q

Syd ECOL SUS - urban consolidation

A

Inner city area where congestion is concentrated, resulting in Sydney having a 28% congestion level (Sydney Traffic Index), limiting the benefits of ecological sustainability

37
Q

Syd ECOL SUS - urban renewal

A

Barangaroo environmental sustainability statistics

38
Q

Describe and account for the nature, character and spatial distribution of world cities - NATURE

A

The emergence of word cities initiated during the late 1950s through the globalisation process driven by technological developments in transport and communication, trade liberalisation, the deregulation of financial markets and the emergence of a global market for lifestyle-related commodities

39
Q

Describe and account for the nature, character and spatial distribution of world cities - CHARACTER (2)

A

A key example (of social infrastructure) is Olympia London, which hosts more than 200 events annually, such as the London Climate Technology Show (Visit Britain)

London Heathrow is the world’s 2nd busiest airport (OAG), facilitating over 1300 daily air transport movements to over 203 destinations (Flight Global)

40
Q

Describe and account for the nature, character and spatial distribution of world cities - SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION

A

London is situated at 51° N 0°W

41
Q

URBAN CENTRE def

A

An urban centre includes smaller city centres who do not quite possess the level of influence world cities enjoy, such as Wollongong, Dubbo and Birmingham

42
Q

DOMINANCE def

A

Dominance refers to the control that some urban places exert over other smaller urban places and the extent to which that control is exerted spatially

43
Q

DEPENDENCE def

A

Dependence refers to the way in which less powerful centres become reliant upon world centres for investment, employment, infrastructure and decision making

44
Q

Account for changing role of regional centres and demise of small town

  • Advances in transport and telecommunications
A

Dubbo has 3 major highways such as the Mitchell Highway connecting Sydney to Adelaide and 27 motels

45
Q

Account for changing role of regional centres and demise of small town

  • Restructuring and decline of ag workforce (including Nyngan floods)

3

A

Dubbo provides 6711 agriculture jobs and the Orana Region generates $1.5 billion in exports (Regional Development Australia)

In April 1990, Nyngan and Bogan Shire suffered the worst flooding the area has known when a wall of water 14 km wide spread across the town, resulting in its inundation and isolation, causing ‘$50 million of damage’ (Michael Cawood, flood expert)

Nyngan lost 10.5% of its population since 1986 (The Regional Institute)

46
Q

Account for changing role of regional centres and demise of small town

  • Key services in reg centres vs sml towns
A

As an Evocity member, Dubbo can promote the benefits of regional living, where the Australian Unity Wellbeing index data showed that people living in regional Australia are the happiest

Dubbo has 6 major shopping centres, 20 schools, 120 eateries and many tourist attractions (e.g. Taronga Western Plains Zoo) which leads to increased employment opportunities and contributes $291.2 million to Dubbo’s total economic output (Dubbo Region Business)

47
Q

FLOODS + LAGOS

A

Floods paralyse Lagos’ economic activity, at an estimated cost of around $4 billion per year (CNN, 2021)

48
Q

WEA/POV - UDs
income stats + blue/white collar

A

In Sydney, the top 1% of the population earn 11.9% of the income compared to 9.5% nationally (SMH, 2019)

Employment is a major contributor to income inequality which is reflected through suburbs North of the latte line such as Chatswood and Surry Hills containing 75% white collar jobs compared to western suburbs (e.g. Liverpool) below the line having 70% blue collar jobs (SMH, 2019)

49
Q

WEA/POV - UDs
Western Syd employment

A

In Western Sydney, the “population is predominantly of a working class background, with major employment in the heavy industries and vocational trade” (Informed Decisions, 2022)

50
Q

WEA/POV - UDs
the whole thing about spatial patterns of wealth/poverty being exacerbated because of urban renewal in in inner city suburbs

A

Pyrmont median house prices have risen by $800,000 in the last 20 years (Domain Australia)

51
Q

RES LAND - CHANGING ECON CHAR
land values in diff parts of Syd

A

According to KPMG, dwelling values in the inner city climbed an average of $125,000 over 2021

52
Q

RES LAND - URBAN CONSOL (3)

A

Urban consolidation: 88.4% of Parramatta’s housing is non-detached (Domain Australia)

The NSW Dept of Planning states 70% of all new dwellings will be accommodated in existing urban areas by 2031

This high density development is taking place… concentrated areas of employment, especially along the ‘Global Sydney’ corridor where a forecasted 60,000 new apartments are to be built (Business Insider)

53
Q

ECON SUST BROO (official ER para) - 3

A

Firms such as KPMG and HSBC (who rent in ITS) ‘enhance Sydney’s position in the financial market’ (The Urban Developer)

Increase of 23,000 jobs in Barangaroo (NSW Govt, 2020)

Barangaroo contributes more than $2 billion annually to the Australian economy (Infrastructure NSW)

54
Q

SOC SUST BROO (official ER para) - 2

A

Many easily accessible social services: childcare and education centres, MedScan, Fitness First → increase mental and physical health and wellbeing of people

Key worker housing 1.6% i.e. only 48 units (Lendlease, 2020) and most apartments between $13-200 million (Domain Australia), e.g. ‘The Cloud’ top floor sold for $15 million

55
Q

ENVIRON SUS BROO (official ER para) - 3

A

Barangaroo achieved carbon neutrality in 2019 (Building Barangaroo)

Barangaroo Reserve (6 ha): 75,000 native trees and shrubs planted cover 45 species → high species diversity and fauna habitats

Zero waste emissions: 84% of operational waste from residential and commercial buildings diverted from landfill and waste generated across all buildings sorted into 19 categories in the centralised waste storage centre - 500 tonnes of waste diverted from landfill in the first 12 months of operations (SDG Australia)

56
Q

Residents BROO

A

One Sydney Harbour and residential blocks of ITS accommodate 2500 residents (NSW Govt, 2020)

57
Q

BROO accessibility + tourism

A

More than 50% of the precinct is open public space and 100% of the foreshore is to be fully accessible to pedestrians and cyclists, it is expected to attract 18 million visits per year (Infrastructure NSW)

58
Q

BROO investment for social sust

A

Lendlease is making a $40m contribution to public art and culture that will confirm the Barangaroo precinct as a landmark in the nation’s cultural landscape (SDG Australia)

59
Q

SANDSTONE NEAR CUTAWAY - BROO

A

Of the 10,000 sandstone blocks used to create the extraordinary Barangaroo Reserve, 93% come from Barangaroo itself (Building Barangaroo, 2021)

60
Q

EMSIONS - BROO

A

Barangaroo has a target of only 4% of journeys-to-work by car compared with the rest the CBD which averages 20% (Barangaroo ‘Realising the Vision’ report)

61
Q

Sust lighting + water BROO

A

At Barangaroo South, more than 50,000 LED lamps light the public realm and buildings (SDG Australia)

There are 90,000L water tanks under each commercial tower holding recycled water from Sydney Harbour to cool buildings, irrigation and toilet flushing (SDG Australia)

62
Q

Contrast nature, character and spatial distribution of WCs and MCs
- WCs nature + character para (2 stats)
Specific examples

A

London houses ⅓ of Europe’s billion dollar companies (Forbes, 2018) in industries such as telecommunications, banking and scientific research

40% of London’s population is foreign-born (City of London, 2022) with skilled work accounting for 63% of work-related visas granted in 2022 (UK Govt)

well planned = unique + highly funded buildings = Sydney Opera House

sustainable green spaces = NY Central Park + Sydney’s Barangaroo

63
Q

Contrast nature, character and spatial distribution of WCs and MCs
- MCs nature + character para

INFORMAL SECTOR
MANUFACTURING
HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS
TRAFFIC

A

Informal sector which accounts for 69% of employment in Lagos (The Conversation, 2019)

Megacities like Mumbai have 35-40% of the population engaged in manufacturing (Statistica, 2020) as they become increasingly dependent on world cities for economic growth

Lagos, with ⅔ of the population of 21 million living in slums with no access to roads, clean water, and waste disposal (BBC, 2019)

Jakarta, with a population of over 30 million people, was named the city with the world’s worst traffic in the Castrol Stop Start Index (2019) - While the number of motorised vehicles has increased by 8.1% annually, data from the Jakarta government shows the road network has only grown at a rate of 0.01%

64
Q

Spatial distribution MCs (3)

A

Megacities are widespread but generally within or near the tropics 23°N to 23°S

⅔ of megacities are in Asia

Africa is projected to reach 17 megacities by 2030 (ArchDaily, 2019)

65
Q

LDN CLIMATE

A

humid temperate oceanic climate
typically 12-18 degree temperature range

66
Q

Culture of place definition

A

Culture of place refers to the individuality a city has

67
Q

Syd culture of place - multicultural

A

One of the top eight multicultural cities in the world (World Atlas, 2021)

68
Q

COP - main points

A

Modern and Heritage Architecture
Streetscape
Street Life and Lifestyles
Energy, Vitality, Colour and Noise

69
Q

COP - modern and heritage architecture (4)

A

John Utzon’s Sydney Opera House, which stands as one of the “most indisputable masterpieces of human creativity…in the history of mankind” (UNESCO World Heritage Committee, 2007)

QVB built in 1880s

Forecast of 151,500 new homes from 2022 to 2026 (NSW Department of Planning) - thus consolidation

Barangaroo aims to provide a home to 3500 residents (Infrastructure NSW)

70
Q

COP - streetscape (2)

A

Barangaroo has undergone urban renewal, contributing $2 billion annually to the Australian economy (Infrastructure NSW, 2021)

Uniform streetscape - The Ponds, a NW suburb 42.1km away from the CBD with a population of 16,315 (2021 Census)

71
Q

COP - street life and lifestyles (2)

A

Sydney’s cafe industry has added 3000 cafes and 30,000 jobs over the past decade (GoodFood, 2018)

In Kingsgrove and Guildford, street life is influenced by the Greek and Arabic culture, making up 23.3% of the population (2021 Census)

72
Q

COP - energy, vitality, colour and noise

A

(Events + festivals) has resulted in Sydney ranking as the 2nd best city worldwide for its brand appeal and image (2020 Anholt-Ipsos City Brand Index)

73
Q

Opening sentence for retail

A

The current retail industry is dominated by large multi outlet firms (i.e. shopping centres) which are increasing in size and market share at the expense of smaller independent retailers

74
Q

QVB

A

In order to enhance the remaining Victorian features of the building, the external sandstone façade and carvings have been refurbished as well as implementing a Victorian-inspired colour theme and installing tessellated tiles

75
Q

Jakarta area

A

699 sq kms

76
Q

Urban consolidation Syd

A

NSW Government to expect 60-70% of new housing to be developed within existing urban areas

77
Q

Suburbanisation Syd

A

Suburbanisation is still actively occurring in Sydney’s north-west and south-west where an estimated 725,000 new dwellings and 817,000 jobs will be located, such as at the Western Sydney Airport and its surrounding aerotropolis by 2036

78
Q

Delhi water challenge (3)

A

According to India’s Ministry of Urban Development, about 70% of Delhi’s residents receive only three hours of running water per day

More than half of the city’s running water leaks out of long-neglected pipes before it reaches households

The untreated waste ends up in bodies of water like the Yamuna river, which supplies the city with 330 million gallons of water per day, according to the Delhi water board, contaminating the water supply

79
Q

5th Avenue and Champs de Elysee

A

‘two of the most expensive shopping streets in the world’ (The Times, 2019)

80
Q

of Michelin-hatted restaurants in NYC

A

64 (New York Times, 2022)

81
Q

Syd pop growth rate

A

1.85% annually (SMH, 2021)

82
Q

Tokyo Shinkansen

A

Tokyo is the central location for Japan’s Tokaido Shinkansen railway line carrying 65.59 million passengers in 2020, reaching top speeds of 320km/h

Geo-graph-y (10 decks)

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