upper urinary tract - learn Flashcards
List the components and function of the upper UT
Right and left kidneys (produce urine)
Right and left ureters (drain urine)
List the components and function of the lower UT
Bladder (stores/ voids urine)
Urethra (excretion of urine)
Which parts of the urinary tract are contained within the abdomen?
Kidneys
Proximal ureters
Which parts of the urinary tract are contained within the pelvis?
Distal ureters
Bladder
Proximal urethra
Which parts of the urinary tract are contained within the perineum?
Distal urethra
List the component of the renal hilum
Renal artery
Renal vein (anterior to artery)
Ureter
The kidneys are anterior to…
Quadratus lumboram
Back muscles
Floating ribs (11+12)
The kidneys are posterior to…
Visceral peritoneum Paranephric fat Renal (deep) fascia Perinephric fat Renal capsule
The kidneys are medial to…
Abdominal wall muscles (external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominus)
The kidneys are lateral to…
Psoas major
Lower thoracic/ upper lumbar vertebrae
Give the vertebral levels of the right and left kidneys respecively
L1-L3 (more inferior due to size of liver)
T12-L2
The kidney moves _____ on inspiration and _____ on expiration due to its attachment to the diaphragm
Inferior
Superior
The right kidney exists posteriorly to which major organ?
Liver
The left kidney exists posteriorly to which major organ?
Stomach
Outline the blood supply and venous drainage of the kidney
Renal veins (anterior to artery)
Renal arteries
Common iliac arteries (anterior to vein)
Common iliac veins
Why is the left renal vein longer than the right renal vein?
It passes anterior to aorta to drain into the IVC
State the lymphatic drainage for the kidneys
Lumbar nodes
Outline the blood supply to the ureters
Renal artery Abdominal aorta Common iliac artery Internal iliac artery Vesicular artery
State the lymphatic drainage for the ureters
Lumbar nodes
Iliac nodes
An infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm involves the renal arteries. True/ False?
False
The proximal renal artery is occluded in suprarenal aneurysm
List common anatomical variants of the kidney
Bifurcated renal pelvis Bifurd/ duplicated ureters Retrocaval ureter (behind IVC) No seperation Ectopic kidney Solitary kidney
Outline the basic structure of the kidney from outer to inner layer
Renal capsule Renal cortex Renal medulla --> Renal pyramids --> Nephrons
Nephrons are contained within what structure of the kidney?
Renal pyramids
Outline the structure of the nephron in order of blood flow
~~~
Glomerulus
Proximal convulated tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convulated tubule
Collecting duct
What is the function of the glomerulus?
Ultrafiltration of blood from renal artery branches
Outline the collecting duct system in order of urine flow
Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Ureter
The structures of the collecting duct system increase/decrease in diameter until pelviureteric junction.
Increase
List anatomical sites of ureteric constriction
Pelviureteric junction
Ureter crosses anterior aspect of common iliac artery
Ureteric orifice
State the two types of ureteric obstruction and give examples
INTERNAL: impacted renal calculi from urine calcium salts, blood clot
EXTERNAL: expanding mass e.g. tumour
Describe the response of the ureter in obstruction
Increase in peristalsis proximal to obstruction to try remove it - comes in waves causing colicky pain
List the consequence of ureteric obstruction
Urine production continues until UT pressure > pressure favouring filtration at glomerulus –> RENAL FAILURE
What is renal failure?
Failure to adequately filter blood into urine
What is hydronephrosis?
Water inside kidney
What is the pathogenesis of hydronephrosis?
Urine back pressure into calyces compresses nephrons in medullary pyramids causing renal failure
