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Renal Anatomy > Upper Urinary Tract > Flashcards

Upper Urinary Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the upper urinary tract?

A

Kidneys

Ureters

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2
Q

What are the components of the lower urinary tract?

A

Bladder

Urethra

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3
Q

Which structures of the urinary tract are located in the abdomen?

A

Kidneys

Proximal ureters

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4
Q

Which structures of the urinary tract are located in the pelvis?

A

Distal ureters
Bladder
Proximal urethra

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5
Q

Which structures of the urinary tract are located in the perineum?

A

Distal urethra

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6
Q

What structures lie directly anterior to the kidneys?

A 
Visceral peritoneum 
Paranephric fat 
Renal (deep) fascia 
Perinephric fat 
Renal capsule 
Kidney
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7
Q

What muscles lie lateral to the kidney?

A

Anterolateral abdominal wall muscles:
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis

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8
Q

What muscle lies medial to the kidney?

A

Psoas major

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9
Q

What muscles lie posterior to the kidney?

A

Quadratus lumborum

Back muscles

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10
Q

Where do the kidneys lie in relation to the vertebrae?

A 
Right = L1 - L3 
Left = T12 - L2
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11
Q

Which ribs are posteriorly related to the kidneys?

A

11 and 12

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12
Q

Which regions/quadrants are the kidneys found in?

A 
Lumbar regions (flanks) 
Upper quadrants
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13
Q

Why do the kidneys move on breathing?

A

In contact with liver/spleen, which are in contact with diaphragm

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14
Q

Which direction do the kidneys move with breathing?

A 
Inspiration = inferiorly  
Expiration = superiorly
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15
Q

Which structures does the right kidney lie posterior to?

A

Liver (+ hepatorenal recess)
Duodenum
Ascending colon
Right colic flexure

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16
Q

Which structures does the left kidney lie posterior to?

A

Stomach
Tail of pancreas
Hilum of spleen
Splenic vessels

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17
Q

What is the clinical significance of the hepatorenal recess?

A

Deepest part of the peritoneal cavity in a supine patient

Site for fluid collection in ascites etc.

18
Q

What are the structures of the renal hilum and what is their arrangement?

A 
Renal artery (posterior) 
Renal vein (anterior) 
Ureter (inferior)
19
Q

Where does the abdominal aorta bifurcate and what does this give?

A

Umbilicus

Common iliac arteries

20
Q

Where doe the common iliac arteries lie in relation to the veins?

A

Arteries are anterior to the veins

21
Q

Where does lymph from the kidneys drain?

A

Lumbar nodes

22
Q

What is the arterial blood supply to the ureter (superior to inferior)?

A 
Branches of:
Renal artery 
Abdominal aorta 
Common iliac artery 
Internal iliac artery 
Vesical (bladder) artery
23
Q

Where does lymph from the ureters drain?

A

Lumbar nodes and iliac nodes

24
Q

Where are the lumbar lymph nodes located?

A

Abdominal aorta and IVC

25
Q

Where are the iliac lymph nodes located?

A

Common, internal and external iliac vessels

26
Q

How is renal artery stenosis associated with AAA?

A

Combined with infra-renal AAA (both due to atherosclerosis)

Due to supra-renal AAA (occlusion of proximal renal artery by the aneurysm)

27
Q

Give some anatomical variations in the renal system?

A 
Bifid renal pelvis 
Bifid ureter
Unilateral duplicated ureter 
Retrocaval ureter 
Horseshoe kidney 
Ectopic pelvic kidney
28
Q

What are the causes of a solitary kidney?

A

Agenesis

Nephrectomy - pathology or donation

29
Q

Where are nephrons located?

A

Within the pyramids of the adrenal medulla

30
Q

What are the two main parts of the kidney?

A

Outer cortex

Inner medulla

31
Q

What is the structure of a nephron?

A 
Glomerulus 
Proximal convoluted tubule 
Loop of Henle 
Distal convoluted tubule 
Collecting duct
32
Q

What is the route of urine drainage from the kidney?

A 
Collecting duct 
Minor calyx 
Major calyx 
Renal pelvis 
Ureter
33
Q

What are the anatomical sites of ureteric constriction?

A

Pelviureteric junction
Ureter crossing anterior aspect of common iliac artery (at pelvic rim)
Ureteric orifice

34
Q

What are renal calculi and why are they clinically significant?

A

Form from urine calcium salts

Obstruct urinary tract from within

35
Q

What can cause a ureteric obstruction?

A 
Internal obstruction (renal calculus or blood clot) 
External compression (e.g. tumour)
36
Q

What is the urinary tracts response to obstruction and what is the clinical outcome?

A

Increased peristalsis proximal to the obstruction

Gives colicky pain

37
Q

What is the result of an obstruction within the calyces or ureter?

A

Unilateral back pressure of urine

38
Q

What is the result of an obstruction within the bladder?

A

Unilateral or bilateral kidney problems

39
Q

What is the result of an obstruction within the urethra?

A

Bilateral kidney problems

40
Q

What is the consequence of back pressure of urine?

A

Urine production continues until pressure within the urinary tract exceeds pressure favouring filtration at the glomerulus
Compresses nephrons within the medullary pyramids leading to renal failure

41
Q

What is renal failure?

A

Failure to adequately filter the blood to produce urine

42
Q

What is hydronephrosis?

A

Water inside the kidney

Acutely causes a painful stretching of the renal capsule

Renal Anatomy (2 decks)

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