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Renal Anatomy > Lower Urinary Tract + Male Reproductive Tract > Flashcards

Lower Urinary Tract + Male Reproductive Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is the false pelvis?

A

Iliac crests to pelvic inlet

Part of abdominal cavity

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2
Q

What is the true pelvis?

A

Pelvic inlet to pelvic floor

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3
Q

Where is the bladder found?

A

True pelvis

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4
Q

What is the min pelvic floor muscle?

A

Levator ani

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5
Q

What is the perineum?

A

Shallow compartment between pelvic floor and skin

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6
Q

Where are the ureters in relation to the common iliac vessels?

A

Anterior

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7
Q

What is the route of the ureters?

A

Run anterior along the walls of the pelvis
At level of ischial spine, turn medially to enter posterior aspect of the bladder
Sub-peritoneal

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8
Q

In which direction to the ureters enter the bladder and why is this clinically significant?

A

Inferomedially

Helps prevent reflux of urine back into the ureters when the bladder contracts

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9
Q

Where does the ureter run in the female pelvis?

A

Inferiorly to the uterine tubes and uterine artery

“water under the bridge”

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10
Q

Where does the ureter run in the male pelvis?

A

Inferiorly to the vas deferens

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11
Q

From which artery to the arteries entering the pelvic mainly branch from?

A

Internal iliac artery

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12
Q

From which artery to the prostatic arteries usually branch from?

A

Vesical arteries

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13
Q

To where do the veins in the pelvis usually drain?

A

Internal iliac vein

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14
Q

What is the trigone of the bladder?

A

Smooth triangle in the bladder formed by the 2 steric orifices and internal urethral orifice

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15
Q

Which muscle for the main bulk of the bladder wall?

A

Detrusor muscle

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16
Q

How does the detrusor muscle prevent reflux of urine into the ureters?

A

Fibres encircle the ureteric orifices, which tighten when the bladder contracts

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17
Q

How is the internal urethral sphincter formed and what is its purpose?

A

Detrusor muscle

Prevents retorgrade ejaculation of semen into the bladder

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18
Q

Where does the bladder lie in relation to the pubic bone?

A

Directly posterior (when empty)

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19
Q

Where does the uterus lie in relation to the bladder?

A

Superior, in an anteflexed position

Most of the weight of the uterus is bored by the bladder (THINK pregnant women peeing)

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20
Q

Where does the prostate gland lie in relation to the bladder?

A

Inferiorly

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21
Q

What is the relationship of the peritoneum and bladder?

A

Peritoneum only ever covers the superior surface of the bladder (regardless of whether it is empty or full)

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22
Q

What are the 2 routes of catheterisation?

A

Urethral

Suprapubic

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23
Q

What is the danger with suprapubic catheterisation?

A

If bladder is empty, there is a risk that you pierce the peritoneum

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24
Q

How long is the female urethra?

A

approx 4cm

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25
Q

What is the external urethral sphincter?

A

Voluntary, skeletal muscle arranged around the urethra

26
Q

Is there an internal urethral sphincter in females?

A

No

27
Q

Is there an internal urethral sphincter in males?

A

Yes

28
Q

How long is the male urethra?

A

approx 20cm

29
Q

What is the prostatic urethra?

A

Portion of urethra passing through the prostate gland

30
Q

Where is the external urethral sphincter located in males?

A

Below the prostate gland

31
Q

What is the route of sperm in the male reproductive tract?

A 
Testes - produced
Epididymis - stored 
Vas Deferens 
Seminal gland - semen added 
Ejaculatory duct 
Prostatic urethra 
Spongy urethra 
External urethral orifice
32
Q

What is the route of testes descent?

A

Posterior abdomen
Through inguinal canal
Scrotum

33
Q

What is contained within the spermatic cord?

A 
Testicular artery 
Pampiniform plexus
Vas deferens 
Lymphatic vessels 
Autonomic nerves (smooth muscle of vas) 
Somatic nerves (cremaster muscle)
34
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis?

A

Sac within the scrotum containing the testes

35
Q

What are the two “layers” of the tunica vaginalis?

A

Parietal layer = In contact with scrotum

Visceral layer = In contact with testes

36
Q

What is excess fluid within the tunica vaginalis known as?

A

Hydrocele

37
Q

Why are the testes at risk of twisting?

A

Testis and epididymis attached to spermatic cord superiorly (quite mobile within scrotum)
Risk of torsion of spermatic cord

38
Q

What is the clinical outcome of testicular torsion?

A

Blood supply disruption:
Severe pain
Danger of testicular necrosis

39
Q

What is contained within the deep inguinal ring?

A 
Testicular artery 
Testicular vein 
Vas deferens 
Lymphatics
Nerves
40
Q

Where does the pampiniform plexus drain to?

A

Testicular vein

41
Q

Where do the right and left testicular veins drain to?

A 
Right = IVC
Left = Left renal vein
42
Q

Where is the epididymis palpated/located?

A

Palpated at the posterior aspect of the testis

Its head is acted at the superior pole of the testis

43
Q

Where are the vas deferens palpated/located?

A

Palpated within the spermatic cord, superior to testis

Begins at inferior pole of the testis

44
Q

What is the route of the vas deferens?

A

Start at inferior pole of the testes
Pass superiorly within spermatic cord to deep inguinal ring
Turn medially into the pelvis

45
Q

What are the prostatic ducts?

A

Openings through which the glandular secretions from the prostate drain into the prostatic urethra

46
Q

What is the ejaculatory duct a combination of and where does it open?

A

Vas deferens and seminal gland ducts

Prostatic urethra

47
Q

What are the two zones of the prostate?

A

Peripheral zone

Central zone

48
Q

Which prostatic zone is palpated on rectal exam and why is this clinically significant?

A

Peripheral zone

This is where most prostate cancers arise

49
Q

What are the three cylinders of erectile tissue within the penis?

A

Corpus spongiosum

Right and left corpus cavernosum

50
Q

What is transmitted in the corpus spongiosum?

A

Spongy urethra

Expands distally to form the glans

51
Q

What is transmitted int he corpus cavernosum?

A

Deep arteries of the penis

52
Q

What happens to the erectile tissue during erection?

A

They become engorged with blood

53
Q

What surface structure does the corpus spongiosum lie deep to?

A

Penile raphe

54
Q

What surface structure does the testes lie deep to?

A

Scrotal raphe

55
Q

What is the anatomical name for foreskin?

A

Prepuce

56
Q

What is the clinical consequence of retraction of the prepuce?

A

Constriction of the neck of the glans, causing swelling (paraphimosis)
Circumsicion can be performed

57
Q

What is the blood supply to the penis?

A

Deep arteries of the penis

Branches of internal pudendal artery (from iliac artery)

58
Q

What is the blood supply to the scrotum?

A

Internal pudendal artery and branches from external iliac artery

59
Q

Where does lymph from the scrotum and most of the penis (except the glans) drain to?

A

Superficial inguinal nodes (superficial fascia in the groin)

60
Q

Where does lymph from the testis drain to?

A

Lumbar nodes (abdominal aorta)

Renal Anatomy (2 decks)

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