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Respiratory > Upper Respiratory Tract Infections > Flashcards

Upper Respiratory Tract Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What is a common cold?

A

Coryza

An acute viral infection of the nasal passages

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2
Q

What is the scientific name for a sore throat?

A

Pharyngitis

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3
Q

How is the coryza spread?

A

Droplets and formites

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4
Q

What are the complications of coryza?

A

Sinusitis and acute bronchitis

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5
Q

What viruses cause the coryza?

A

Adenovirus
Rhino virus
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

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6
Q

What are the symptoms of acute sinusitis?

A

Purulent nasal discharge

Frontal headache- reteroorbital pain or maxillary sinus pain => toothache

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7
Q

What are the complications of sinusitis?

A

Lymph drainage of the upper part of the face and into the carotid sinuses and into the brain. Very rare.

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8
Q

What is the treatment for sinusitis?

A

Usually self limiting within 10 days.
Treatment includes nasal decongestants, nasal steroids and nasal pheudoephadrine
Occasionally antibiotics are needed

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9
Q

What causes strep throat?

A

Streptococcal group A bacteria

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of strep throat?

A 
Pharyngitis- red with white patches 
Fever
Fatigue
Dysphonea
Dysphagia
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11
Q

How is strep throat spread and in what demographic is it common?

A

Droplets

Children aged 5 to 15

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12
Q

What is the treatment for strep throat?

A

Usually antibiotics

Amoxicillin or penicillin

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13
Q

What are the signs of tonsillitis?

A

Large red swollen tonsils
Dysphagia
Dysphonia
Erythemtous (redness)

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14
Q

Is it possible to get tonsillitis even when your tonsils have been removed?

A

Yes as they can grow back

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15
Q

What is the treatment fro recurrent tonsillitis and what are the risks?

A

Tonsillectomy

High risk of bleeding

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16
Q

What is the treatment for tonsillitis?

A

Antibiotics

17
Q

What is quincy?

A

A complication of tonsillitis

Tonsilar abscess

18
Q

What is the treatment for quincy?

A

Must be drained- surgery under GA

Be careful of the internal carotid artery which lies posterior

19
Q

What is a complication of quincy?

A

Intracranial empyema

20
Q

What is epiglottitis and in which demographic is it common?

A

Infection of the epiglottis

Children- have a large epiglottis and a small mouth

21
Q

How serious is epiglottitis and what is the treatment?

A

Life threatening due to the obstruction- call an anaesthetist
Give IV antibiotics

22
Q

What often causes epiglotitis?

A

Haemophylous influenzae- penicillin sensitive

23
Q

How serious is diphtheria and why?

A

Life threatening due to the toxin it produces

Pseudomembrane at the back of the throat causes people to asphyxiate (deprived of air)

24
Q

What organisms cause flu?

A

Influenza A and B

25
Q

What are the infection control precautions for someone with flu?

A

Mask, apron and gloves
Side room
Respirator mask if you are doing aerosol generating procedures

26
Q

How is flu transmitted?

A

Droplets or direct contact with respiratory secretions

27
Q

What are the complications of flu?

A

Primary influenzal pneumonia- seen during pandemic years. Young people
Secondary influenzal pneumonia- seen in all years and the most fatal cause of death. Older and ‘at risk’ people

28
Q

What are the consequences of flu in pregnancy?

A

Perinatal mortality
Prematurity
Low birth weight and size

29
Q

What causes most of the systemic symptoms of flu?

A

Interferon- a protein produced by immune cells in response to a viral infection

30
Q

When are antivirals given for flu and what are they?

A

Oseltamivir and Zanamivir
Given when influenza is know to be circulating and to ‘at risk’ individuals
DOes not reduce mortality or complications but reduces symptoms by 2-3 days
Can be used in prophylaxis- eg care home outbreak

31
Q

What causes flu endemics?

A

Minor mutations in the surface proteins on the virus

Antigenic drift

32
Q

What causes flu pandemics?

A

A new virus. Rare and influenza A only
Antigenic shift
Due to a segmented genome and animal reservoirs

33
Q

How is a flu case confirmed?

A

Nasa or throat swabs for PCR

34
Q

What type of vaccine is the annual injectable flu vaccine and how is it produced?

A

Killed vaccine

Vaccine grown in hens eggs or cell culture and then inactivated and combined with an aduvant

35
Q

Who receives the injectable flu vaccine?

A

Adult patients at risk of complications
Healthcare workers
Children aged 6 moths- 2 years at risk of complications

36
Q

Who receives the intranasal flu vaccine?

A

All children aged 2 to the end of primary school

37
Q

What type of vaccine is the intranasal flu vaccine?

A

Live attenuated vaccine.

More effective in children

Respiratory (26 decks)

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