Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Upper Respiratory Tract Infections > Flashcards

Upper Respiratory Tract Infections Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why are respiratory infections so easily spread among individuals?

A
  • innate defence mechanisms are not as active in the respiratory system as in other parts of the body
  • our respiratory tract has a direct opening to all other environmental pathogens
  • climate is also a factor- in winter, people are often all insider and there is a much higher risk of infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What organs comprise the upper respiratory tract?

A
  • epiglottis
  • larynx
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What organs comprise the lower respiratory tract?

A
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why does the rhinovirus only cause upper respiratory tract infections?

A
  • primarily only cause upper respiratory tract infections because they prefer the lower temperature opposed to the higher temperature of the lower resp tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Lungs have a rich population of _____ that prevent the spread of infection and the establishment of disease

A

macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pertussis produces a toxin that ________ of epithelial cells, which allows it to infect the lower respiratory tract much more easily

A

inhibits the ciliary action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

RSV causes an infection in ______ (rhinovirus synctival virus)

A

both the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

____ is the largest cause of hospital acquired respiratory tract infections in Canada

A

pseudomonas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What kills people when they have influenza?

A

the secondary bacterial infection will be the thing that kills people, not he actual infection (almost always a secondary bacterial infection when the person has symptoms that lasts over 7 days)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are respiratory tract infections that are restricted to the surface?

A
  • common cold virus
  • influenza
  • strep throat
  • chlamydia
  • diphtheria
  • pertussis
  • candida albicans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the respiratory tract infections that are spread throughout the body?

A
  • measles, mumps and rubella
  • EBV, CMV
  • chlamydia psittaci
  • Q fever
  • cryptococcosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What part of the body does mumps enter through?

A
  • enters through the respiratory tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the requirements to be a professional invader of the respiratory tract? (effect the healthy respiratory tract?)

A
  • adhesion to the normal mucosa (in spite of the mucociliary system)
  • ability to interfere with cilia
  • ability to resist destruction in alveolar macrophages
  • ability to damage local tissues (mucosal, submucosal)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the requirements to be a secondary invader of the respiratory tract? (secondary invaders)

A
  • initial infection and damage by respiratory virus (influenza virus)
  • local defences impaired (cystic fibrosis)
  • chronic bronchitis, local foreign body or tumour
  • depressed immune responses (AIDS, neoplastic disease)
  • depressed resistance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe rhinitis?

A
  • causes the common cold
  • different types of viruses cause the common cold
  • > 50% due to rhinovirus and coronaviruses
  • induce a flow of virus rich fluid, rhinorrhea
  • transmission is via the aerosol route or via contaminated hands
  • the infection is self-limiting- aetiology is generally not determined, there is an involvement of the LRT
  • no vaccine- there is such a diverse group
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pharyngitis and tonsillitis is mostly caused by viruses. What three viruses?

A
  • adenovirus
  • cyclomegalovirus
  • EBV
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the main bacterial pathogen that causes tonsillitis?

A
  • S pyogenes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cytomegalovirus is the largest human ____ virus

A

herpes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the appearance of CMV infections

A
  • multi-nucleated cell formation and/or intracellular inclusions give the cells a distinct appearance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

___ are the natural host of the CMV

A

humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Transmission of CMV is via what routes?

A

saliva, urine, blood, semen and cervical secretions (can be acquired in a newborn from the mother- number of viruses in the urine of the newborn is very high in hospital, have to be careful when handling newborns not to transmit between babies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the progression of the CMV infection?

A
  • initial infection is asymptomatic
  • local lymphoid tissue
  • lymph nodes and spleen (via circulating lymphocytes and monocytes)
  • virus localized in epithelial cells in salivary glands, kidney, cervix and testes - shedding often happens for months
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How long does the CMV infection stay in the body for?

A
  • latent infection stays in the body for life – evades immune defences and is a poor target for Tc cells
  • interferes with transport of MHC-1 molecules to the cell surface
  • induces expression of Fc receptors on the cell surface
24
Q

Is there a vaccine for CMV?

A

no, but trials are underway

25
Q

In infants and children there is ____, and in adults there is ______

A

no symptoms

mild illness

26
Q

What is the spectrum o symptoms in those infected with CMV?

A

adolescents- glandular and fever-type illness (fever, lethargy abnormal lymphocytes and mononucleosis)
- primary infection is during pregnancy where it gets passed on through the placenta to the fetus - causes mental retardation

27
Q

How is EBV transmitted?

A
  • saliva
28
Q

What are the two peaks of ages that a person will get EBV?

A

1-6 years and 14-20 years

29
Q

What % of the population in the US has EBV

A

95%

30
Q

What are the clinical features of the EBV?

A
  • immunologically mediated
  • virus replicates in the epithelial cells and B lymphocytes (attaches to the C3d receptor)
  • virus shed in saliva from the infected epithelial cells
  • spreads to B lymphocytes in local lymphoid tissues (lymph nodes and spleen)
  • T lymphocytes respond to infected B cels - civil war in the body
31
Q

How long is the virus shed after the infection is cleared?

A
  • long time
32
Q

What is the clinical features of an infant infected with EBV?

A

no clinical disease

33
Q

What is the clinical feature of a young adult infected with EBV?

A
  • infectious mononucleosis/glandular fever within 4-7 weeks after infection
  • fever, sore throat, petechiae on hard palate, lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly
  • hepatitis
34
Q

What are the symptoms of EBV associated with?

A
  • associated with cytokine release
  • infected B cells lead to polyclonal activation, production of autoantibodies
  • spontaneous recovery, saliva is infectious for months
35
Q

What is the treatment for EBV?

A
  • no antiviral use in immunocompromised patients
36
Q

What cancers are associated with EBV?

A
  • burkitts lymphoma

- nasopharyngeal carcinoma (china and SE asia)- malaria weakens the T cell control of an EBV infection

37
Q

What are the general symptoms of a bacterial pharyngitis infection?

A
  • sore red throat, difficulty swallowing
  • sudden fever, malaise, and loss of appetite
  • scarlet fever- characterized by sandpaper rash on the neck and chest (can also be in other locations of the body)
  • scarlet fever can also be accompanied by a strawberry tongue, and headache, chills and muscle aches
  • rheumatic fever can also company —- can be shown with fever and joint pain in the knees, ankles, elbows and wrists specifically. Also potentially cardiac problems
38
Q

Why is bacterial pharyngitis so important to treat?

A
  • can be a big cause of rheumatic heart disease

- can also cause acute glomerunephritis

39
Q

What is acute glomerunephritis caused by?

A
  • caused by an anti-strep Ab that is in the circulating immune complex an deposits into the glomeruli
  • causes an activation of the complement and the coagulation systems, leading to inflammation and blood in the urine
40
Q

Describe parotitis

A
  • inflammation of the parotid glands (largest of the salivary glands)
  • can lead to mumps
41
Q

Describe mumps

A
  • spread via airborne droplets
  • close contacts spread it
  • recovery is in one week
  • lifelong immunity
  • incubation is about 3 weeks
42
Q

What vaccine gives you immunity to mumps?

A

MMR

43
Q

What are the complications of mumps?

A
  • meningitis
  • encephalitis
  • pancreatitis
  • hearing loss
44
Q

What causes an otitis media infection?

A
  • half is viral

- can also be a bacterial infection- S. pneumonia and H. influenzae, or can be S. pyogenes, M. catarrhalis or S. aureus

45
Q

What population does ear infections occur in?

A
  • preschool age
46
Q

What are the signs of ear infections?

A
  • fever and irritability
  • ear pain, changes in hearing and a purulent discharge (comes in late infection)
  • bulging of the eardrum can occur when there is an accumulation of fluid in the ears
47
Q

What are the complications of otitis media?

A
  • damage to the tympanic membrane which causes hearing loss
48
Q

How would you tell whether an otitis media infection is caused by a virus or a bacteria?

A
  • if the infection lasts for over a week, then the infection is likely bacterial and the patient should be started on antibiotics
49
Q

What is otitis externa?

A
  • infection of the outer ear
  • pathogens are distinct from the otitis media
  • external ar has bacterial flora similar to the skin- Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • use antibiotic ear drops
50
Q

The aetiology of acute sinusitis is similar to what?

A

otitis media

51
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of acute sinusitis?

A
  • facial pain and local tenderness
  • prolonged respiratory tract infection (purulent nasal discharge and pain in the face, fever, maxillary sinusitis, headache and pain in the upper face
52
Q

What are some of the most common complications of acute sinusitis?

A
  • orbital cellulitis (infection in the back of the eye- not able to be reached by the IS), osteomyelitis, meningitis, brain abscess
53
Q

A _____ infection can often lead to a sinus infection

A

upper respiratory tract

54
Q

What bacteria is epiglottitis caused by?

A

H. influenzae

55
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of epiglottitis?

A
  • edema and inflammation
  • airway blockage
  • life threatening
  • – medical emergency! will cause people to stop breathing

Microbiology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions