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Microbiology > Upper Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Upper Respiratory Tract Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

characteristics - pharyngitis

A

streptococcus pyogenes:

  • linear pairs or chains
  • gram (+) cocci
  • beta hemolyic (group A)
  • catalase negative
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2
Q

virulence factors - pharyngitis

A

M protein:

  • anti-phagocytic
  • antigenic variation

SPE: streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins

  • fever causing
  • encoded by bacteriophage

Enzymes

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3
Q

modes of transmission - pharyngitis

A

respiratory droplets

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4
Q

symptoms - pharyngitis

A
  • abrupt on set fever, sore throat with exudate (mucus/puss in back of throat)
  • suppurative infection (puss generating infection)
  • may also have abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting
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5
Q

potential complications of pharyngitis

A
  1. strep throat
  2. You can get scarlet fever 1- 2 days after sore throat (caused by the pyrogenic exotoxin)!

side effects of scarlet fever:

  • sandpaper rash (raised, rough rash. NOT ON THE PALMS OR SOLES!)
  • strawberry tongue
  • Desquamation (skin peels like sun burn)
  1. You could get rheumatic fever

antibodies made against the M protein cross react with protein on:
-heart valves
-joints
over time it leads to endocarditis and polyarthritis

-itis = inflammation - Swelling, warmth, redness, tender)

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6
Q

causative agents - pharyngitis

A

viruses (70%!!!)

bacteria* (strep. pyogenes

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7
Q

child comes in: low grade fever, abdominal discomfort, sore throat, diff. swallowing, look at back of throat and see pustules. What is wrong?

A

Pharyngitis!

-But can’t ID the organism: at this point could be viral or bacterial we don’t know!

However, if you know its beta hemolytic on blood agar – then you can ID

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8
Q

Characteristics of Diphtheria

A

gram positive rods (club shaped)
catalase (+)
humans are the only reservoir!

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9
Q

Causative agents of Diphtheria

A

a

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10
Q

symptoms of diphtheria

A

Cutaneous:

Respiratory:

  • thick gray *pseudomembrane (WBCs, bacteria, fiber, throat cells) in the back of the throat (bigger than exudate)
  • if you poke it will bleed
  • *bull neck (swollen lymph nodes)
  • Malaise, sore throat, fever, exudate pharyngitis
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11
Q

potential complications of diphtheria

A

Cutaneous:

  • chronic, non-healing ulcer
  • organism needs a break in the skin to gain entry

Respiratory:

  • myocarditis (an inflammed heart)
  • neurotoxicity
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12
Q

virulence factors of diphtheria

A

(diphtheria) exotoxin
- produced at site of infection
- disseminates throughout the blood
- receptors on the heart and nerve cells
- bacteriophage mediated

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13
Q

modes of transmitting diphtheria

A

respiratory aerosols

skin contact

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14
Q

Diagnosis of pharyngitis

A

grow on blood agar (it will display group A, beta hemolytic

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15
Q

Diagnosis of diphtheria

A

cysteine tellurite blood agar (tinsdale agar)

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16
Q

What agar only allows for gram (-) rods to grow?

A

MacConkey agar

17
Q

What color do lactose-fermenters stain on the MacConkey?

A

pink (enterics like E. coli)

18
Q

Is there a vaccine for Diphtheria?

A

YES! (that is all you need to know)

19
Q

characteristics of bordetella pertussis

A

-gram (-) coccobacillus

Aerobic

20
Q

virulence factors of bordetella pertussis

A

they bind to ciliated epithelial cells for attachment:

  • Pertactin
  • filamentous hemagglutinin

they damage the tissue using:

  • pertussis toxin (leads to massive upper resperatory tract edema)
  • tracheal cytotoxin (causes death of cells) leading to the characteristic (whopping) cough
21
Q

causative agent of bordetella pertussis

A

a

22
Q

symptoms of bordetella pertussis

A
  1. Catarrhal - (coldlike symptoms)
    - runny nose, sneezing, malaise, low fever, lost appetite
    * highly transmissible in this stage due to large number of bacteria
  2. Paroxysmal
    - damage cilliated cells, impaired mucous clearance
    * uncontrolled violent coughing fits (this can cause ruptured blood vessels in eyes, vomiting)
  3. Convalescence
    - recovery is gradual
    - susceptible to other infections!
23
Q

modes of transmitting bordetella pertussis

A
  • aerosol droplet inhalation (Catarrhal stage!)

- human reservoir

24
Q

potential complications of bordetella pertussis

A

a

25
Q

Diagnosis of bordetella pertussis

A
  • use a swab to get a sample of nasopharyngeal aspirate
  • grow/culture on medium: Bordet-Gengou medium (classic). Regan-Lowe agar (today’s choice - inoculate at beside, 7-12 day incubation)
  • PCR*(best option if its available!)

Microbiology (9 decks)

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