Upper Renal Tract

Question 1

What is the division in renal tract helpful for describing?

Answer 1

UTIs

Question 2

A upper renal tract may spread to?

Answer 2

Kidneys (lower –> urethra and bladder)

Question 3

Peritoneal membrane is in contact with the posterior aspecy of the kidneys. True or False?

Answer 3

False. Anterior.

Question 4

What are the layers that enclose the kidney (from deep to superficial) ?

Answer 4

Capsule, Perinephric fat, renal (deep) fascia), Paranephrc fat, peritoneum (parietal)

Question 5

Which 3 sets of muscles surround the kidney?

Answer 5

• posterior abdominal wall muscles
• anterolateral abdominal wall muscles
• back muscles

Question 6

Where do the kidneys lie in relation to the posterior abdominal wall muscles ?

Answer 6

Lateral to Psoas major

Anterior to Qaudratus lumorum

Question 7

Benefit of muscles surrounding the kidneys?

Answer 7

Protect the kidneys from trauma by gaurding.

Question 8

Contents of the renal hilum?

Answer 8

Renal artery, renal vein, ureter

Question 9

Which vertebral levels are associated with L and R kidneys?

Answer 9

L - T12-L2

R - L1-L3

Question 10

Why is the right kidney lower?

Answer 10

It is displaced inferiorly by liver.

Question 11

Floating ribs are ANTERIORLY related to the kidneys. True or False?

Answer 11

False. Posteriorly

Question 12

Which quadrants and regions are the kidneys located in?

Answer 12

UPPER quadrants

FLANK regions

Question 13

During examination why do you palpate (ballot) the kidney on inspiration?

Answer 13

As patient breathes in the kidney descend and you can “trap it” between palpating hands.

Question 14

Clinical importance of the hepatorenal recess?

Answer 14

It is the most dependant (deepest) part of the peritoneal cavity when patient is SUPINE. Any abnormal fluid will collect here.

Question 15

1. Renal veins are ____ to renal arteries, and 2. common iliac veins are ___ to common iliac arteries?

Answer 15

1. ANterior

2. Posterior

Question 16

Abdominal aorta bifurcates at level of ?

Answer 16

Umbilicus (L4)

Question 17

Uretieric blood supply is from which 5 points?

Answer 17

	renal artery  
	abdominal aorta       
	common iliac artery 
	internal iliac artery          
	vesical (bladder) artery

Question 18

What is the lymphatic drainage of
A. Kidneys
B. Ureter
?

Answer 18

A. Lumbar nodes (near aorta)

B. Lumbar nodes and Iliac nodes (around common, internal and external iliac vessels)

Question 19

Why are renal pyramids (within the renal medulla) striated?

Answer 19

They contain 1000s of regularly arranged nephrons

Question 20

What is the order of urine drainage from the kidney?

Answer 20

Minor calyx –> major calyx –> renal pelvis –> ureter

Question 21

The diameter of the urine drainage tubes gets increasingly wider from the minor calyx to the ureter. True or false?

Answer 21

FALSE. Increasingly wider up until the junction between the renal pelvis and ureter where there is a narrowing.

Question 22

What are the three points of constriction along the urine drainage syste?

Answer 22

1. pelviureteric junction
2. ureter crossing anterior aspect of the common iliac artery (often crosses the bifurcation)
3. ureteric orifice (opening into one corner of the trigone on the floor of the bladder)

Question 23

Renal calculi (stones) can form from what?

Answer 23

Urine calcium salts

Question 24

Why would a patient with obstruction of the ureter present with “colicky pain”?

Answer 24

In response to obstruction Smooth muscle within ureter begins peristalsis

Question 25

Why is renal failure very very painful?

Answer 25

The kidney is held in a tight capsule that isnt very flexible (hard case) . The expansion of the kidney against this when urine backs up (hydronephrosis) is what cause the extreme pain.

Question 26

What may cause unilateral back pressure of urine?

Answer 26

Obstruction in the calyxes or ureter (or bladder).

Question 27

What can cause both unilateral and bilateral back pressure problems?

Answer 27

Obstruction within the bladder

Question 28

What kidney problems will obstruction of the urethra cause?

Answer 28

Bilateral kidney problems

Question 29

Urine production will continue until ?

Answer 29

P within urinary tract EXCEEDS the P favouring filtration at glomerulus

Question 30

Definition of renal failure?

Answer 30

Failure to adequately filter the blood to produce urine.