Upper Limb- Joints and Musculature from Lectures Flashcards
What are the axes of the upper limb movement?
Prox/distal
Lateral/medial
Ant/Post
Sup/Inf
What is a hinge joint?
Uniaxial with concave/vex restricted to FLEX/EXTEND
What is a pivot joint?
Uniaxial, rounded surface articulating with a ring restricted to ROTATION
What is a condyloid joint?
Biaxial; oval surface fitting in elliptical socket
FLEX/EXT and ADD/ABDUCT
What is a saddle joint?
Biaxial; each has concave and convex surface
FLEX/EXT and ADD/ABDUCT
What is a ball and socket joint?
Multiaxial; rounded ball-like surface articulates with concave “cup” socket
What is a plane joint?
Multiaxial; gliding joint with flat articulating surface
What are good examples of a hinge, B&S, plane, and saddle joints?
Hinge: Elbow
B&S: Glenohumoral
Plane: tarsal-phalange joint
Saddle: Thumb joint
What are the ligaments of the AC joint?
Acromioclavicular lig, coracoclavicular lig, coracoacromial lig
What are the ligaments of the rotator cuff?
Coracohumeral ligament, Superior/Inferior/Middle glenohumeral ligaments
What are the articulating factors in 180* arm abduction?
Glenohumeral abduction and scapular movement (3:2 ratio)
What are the ligaments of the elbow joint?
Radial collateral lig, anular lig, ulnar collateral ligaments (post,ant,transverse)
What nerves innervate the anterior shoulder?
Medial and lateral pectoral; long thoracic; subclavian
What nerves innervate the posterior shoulder?
- axillary
- upper/lower subscapular
- suprascapular
What nerve innervates the anterior arm?
Musculocutaneous
What nerve innervates the posterior arm?
Radial
What nerve innervates the anterior forearm?
Medial/ulnar
What nerve innervates the posterior forearm?
Radial
What nerve innervates the anterior hand?
Median/ulnar
What nerve innervates the subclavius? What compartment is this in?
N. To subclavius
-anterior shoulder
What nerve innervates the serratus anterior?
Long thoracic
What nerve innervates the deltoid muscle?
Axillary
What are the rotator cuff muscles? What nerve innervates the rotator cuff muscles?
Supraspinatus- suprascapular n.
infraspinatus- suprascapular n.
teres minor- axillary n.
Subscapularis- upper/lower subscapular n.
What nerve innervates the teres major?
Lower subscapular n.
What muscles does the musculocutaneous n. supply?
Coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, brachialis (radial nerve can contribute to brachialis)
What muscles does the radial nerve innervate?
Triceps, aconeus
Forearm muscles nomenclature: what does “flexor” and “extensor” denote?
Flex: flexor compartment
Exten: extensor compartment
Forearm muscles nomenclature: what does carpi and digitorum denote?
Carpi- inserts at carples
Digitorum- inserts at digits
Forearm muscles nomenclature: what does “profundus”, “superficialis”, and “Opponens” denote?
Profundus= deep
superficialis= superficial
Opponens= action is opposition
Forearm muscles nomenclature: what does “ulnaris” and “radialis” denote?
Ulnaris= ulnar side
Radialis= radius side
Forearm muscles nomenclature: what does brevis and longus denote?
Brevis= short head (usually intrinsic)
Longus= long head
Forearm muscles nomenclature: what does pollicis and minimi denote?
Pollicis= inserts at thumb
Minimi= inserts at little finger
In the forearm compartment, what muscles does the ulnar nerve innervate?
Flexor carpi ulnaris and 1/2 of the flexor digitorum pollicis (digits 4 & 5)
What does the median nerve innervate in the forearm musculature?
All flexor-side muscles except flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor digitorum pollicis (digits 4 & 5)
What does the median nerve innervate in the hand? Ulnar nerve?
Thenar muscles (not adductor pollicis) and first two lumbricals
Everything else
What is Erb-Duchenne Palsy?
C5-6 lesion at the root of the brachial plexus
- paralysis of abductors and lateral rotators @ shoulder
- paralysis of elbow flexors and forearm supinators
What is the postural result of Erb-Duchenne Palsy?
Medially rotated arm, pronation at forearm,flexed wrist/fingers, sensory loss across lateral aspect of shoulder->hand
What can cause Erb Palsy?
Could be caused at childbirth: shoulders forced inferiorly by mother’s vaginal canal can cause rip at upper roots/trunk of BP
What is Klumpke Paralysis? Symptoms?
C8-T1 lesion; loss of ulnar and part of median nerve
-loss of intrinsic hand muscles, partial loss of flexion at the hand, loss of all muscle control at ulnar nerve innervation sites
What are the clinical/postural signs of Klumpke Paralysis?
Extension at wrist, muscle wasting along lateral aspect of forearm and intrinsic hand muscles, supinated arm, sensory loss to medial arm forearm and hand
What can cause Klumpky Paralysis?
Sharp or extended upward “yanking” of the arm (like yanking a child by the arm up in the air)
From proximal to distal, name the branching arteries from the subclavian artery.
Subclavian -> axillary -> brachial -> ulnar and radial
What are the branches of the subclavian artery?
Dorsal scapular, thyrocervical trunk, suprascapular, axillary
What are the branches of the axillary artery?
Superior thoracic; lateral thoracic, thoracoacromial trunk (clavicular, acromial, deltoid, pectoral branches); suprascapular (circumflex scapular and thoracodorsal); post/ant circumflex humeral; deep brachial (profundus brachial)
What are the branches of the brachial artery?
Radial, middle, (superior/inferior) ulnar collateral; deep brachial; radial and (post/ant) ulnar recurrent
What does the ulnar artery branch into?
Commmon interosseous artery (A/P interosseous)
