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Anatomy > Upper Limb (from handbook) > Flashcards

Upper Limb (from handbook) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the movements of the scapula?

A
  • protraction (extends upper limb)
  • retraction (squares shoulders)
  • elevation (shruggs shoulders)
  • depression (lowers shoulders)
  • rotation (tilts glenoid fossa cranially to aid elevation)
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2
Q

what is the pectoral girdle?

A

connects your upper limbs to the bones along the axis of your body

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3
Q

what are the large superficial muscles of the posterior pectoral girdle?

A
  • trapezius

- latissimus dorsi

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4
Q

what are the muscles of the anterior pectoral girdle?

A
  • pectoralis major
  • pectoralis minor
  • serratus anterior
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5
Q

what is the attachment of latissimus dorsi?

A

anterior aspect of proximal humerus

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6
Q

what is the attachment of latissimus dorsi?

A

anterior aspect of proximal humerus

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7
Q

what are the smaller deeper muscles of the posterior pectoral girdle?

A
  • levator scapulae
  • rhomboid major
  • rhomboid minor
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8
Q

what do the posterior pectoral girdle muscles attach?

A

scapula to vertebral column

- except latissimus dorsi (inserts onto humerus)

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9
Q

what are the muscles of the posterior pectoral girdle innervated by?

A

branches of the brachial plexus

trapezius: spinal root of CN XI
latissimus dorsi: thoracodorsal nerve

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10
Q

which muscles attach the scapula to the humerus?

A
  • deltoid
  • supraspinatus
  • infraspinatus
  • subscapularis
  • teres minor
  • teres major
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11
Q

what do the scapulo-humeral muscles do and where do they lie?

A
  • move and stabilise shoulder joint

- deep to posterior scapular muscles (except deltoid)

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12
Q

what are the rotator cuff muscles and what do they do?

A
  • supraspinatus
  • infraspinatus
  • subscapularis
  • teres minor
  • stabilise the shoulder joint
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13
Q

what are the posterior arm muscles?

A

triceps brachii

  • long head
  • lateral head
  • medial head
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14
Q

what is the function of the anterior compartment of the arm?

A
  • extends elbow

- (long head) extends shoulder joint

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15
Q

what is the posterior compartment of the arm innervated by?

A

radial nerve

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16
Q

what are the boundaries of the axilla?

A 
anterior - pectoralis major & minor
posterior - subscapularis, teres major, latissimus dorsi
lateral - upper humerus
medial - serratus anterior, chest wall
apex - 1st rib, clavicle, scapula
base - skin, fascia
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17
Q

what does the axilla contain?

A
  • lymph nodes
  • axillary artery
  • axillary vein
  • brachial plexus
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18
Q

what is the axillary artery a continuation of and what does it continue as?

A
  • subclavian

- brachial

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19
Q

what are the roots of the brachial plexus and where are they found?

A

C5-T1

- neck

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20
Q

what are the trunks of the brachial plexus and where are they found?

A

superior - C5&6
middle - C7
inferior - C8 & T1

  • neck
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21
Q

what are the divisions of the trunks of the brachial plexus and where are they found?

A
  • anterior
  • posterior
  • under the clavicle
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22
Q

what are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm?

A
  • biceps brachii
  • brachialis
  • coracobrachialis
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23
Q

what are the functions of the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

flexion

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24
Q

what is the anterior compartment of the arm innervated by?

A

musculocutaneous nerve

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25
Q

what are the borders of the cubital fossa?

A

lateral - brachioradialis
medial - pronator teres
superior (base) - imaginary line between medial and lateral epicondyles of humerus
apex - ‘points’ towards forearm and hand

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26
Q

what are the contents of the cubital fossa?

A
  • tendon of biceps brachii
  • bicipital aponeurosis (from biceps tendon)
  • brachial artery
  • radial artery
  • ulnar artery
  • radial nerve
  • median nerve
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27
Q

what are the terminal branches of the brachial artery?

A
  • radial

- ulnar

28
Q

what are the superficial muscles of the anterior forearm?

A

lateral -> medial

  • pronator teres
  • flexor carpi radialis
  • palmaris longus
  • flexor carpi ulnaris
29
Q

where do the superficial muscles of the anterior forearm originate?

A

medial epicondyle of the

humerus

30
Q

what are the middle muscles of the anterior forearm?

A

flexor digitorum superficialis

31
Q

what are the deep muscles of the anterior forearm?

A
  • Flexor digitorum profundus
  • Flexor pollicis longus
  • Pronator quadratus
32
Q

what is the action of the anterior forearm muscles?

A
  • flexion
    except:
    pronator teres - pronator of proximal radioulnar joint
    pronator quadratus - pronator of distal radioulnar joint
33
Q

what are the anterior forearm muscles innervated by?

A
  • median nerve
    except:
    flexor carpi ulnaris - ulnar nerve
    medial 1/2 flexor digitorum profundus - ulnar nerve
34
Q

what are the borders of the carpal tunnel?

A

floor & sides - carpal bones

roof - flexor retinaculum

35
Q

what are the contents of the carpal tunnel?

A
  • tendons of FDS. FDP, FPL

- median nerve

36
Q

which muscles of the anterior forearm are prime flexors of the wrist?

A
  • flexor carpi radialis
  • flexor carpi ulnaris
  • palmaris longus
37
Q

which muscles of the anterior forearm flex the digits?

A
  • Flexor digitorum superficialis
  • Flexor digitorum profundus
  • Flexor pollicis longus
38
Q

what are the 4 groups of intrinsic muscles of the hand (and the extra muscle)?

A
  • thenar eminence
  • hypothenar eminence
  • lumbricals
  • interossei
  • adductor pollicis
39
Q

how many thenar eminence muscles are there and what are they innervated by?

A

3

- median nerve

40
Q

how many hypothenar eminence muscles are there and what are they innervated by?

A

3

- ulnar nerve

41
Q

how many lumbrical muscles in the hand are there and what are they innervated by?

A

4
digits 2 and 3 - median
digits 4 and 5 - ulnar

42
Q

how many interossei muscles in the hand are there?

A

7

43
Q

what are the intrinsic muscles of the hand innervated by?

A

ulnar & median nerves

44
Q

what are the muscles of the thenar eminence and what is their insertion?

A
  • flexor pollicis brevis - PP
  • abductor pollicis brevis - PP
  • oppnens pollicis - 1st metacarpal
45
Q

how is the adductor pollicis different from the muscles of the thenar eminence?

A
  • lies deep in the palm (not thenar eminence)

- innervated by ulnar nerve

46
Q

what is the insertion of adductor pollicis?

A
  • 3rd metacarpal

- proximal phalanx of thumb

47
Q

what are the muscles of the hypothenar eminence and what is their insertion?

A
  • flexor digiti minimi - PP
  • abductor digiti minimi - PP
  • opponens digiti minimi - 5th metacarpal
48
Q

describe the passage of the lumbrical muscles of the hand

A
  • arise from tendons of FDP
  • travel along lateral aspects of digits 2-5
  • insert onto dorsal aspects
49
Q

what do the lumbricals do?

A
  • flex MCP joints

- extend IP joints

50
Q

what are the subdivisions of the interossei muscles and how many are in each?

A

palmar - 3

dorsal - 4

51
Q

what are the actions of the interossei muscles?

A

palmar - adduct
dorsal - abduct
(PAD-DAB)
- extension of fingers at IP joints

52
Q

how would you test the dermatomes of the upper limb?

A 
C5 - upper lateral arm
C6 - thumb
C7 - middle finger
C8 - medial border of hand
T1 - medial border of elbow
53
Q

what are the superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A

lateral -> medial

  • Brachioradialis
  • Extensor carpi radialis longus
  • Extensor carpi radialis brevis
  • Extensor digitorum
  • Extensor digiti minimi
  • Extensor carpi ulnaris
54
Q

how are the posterior forearm muscles arranged?

A
  • superficial layer

- deep layer

55
Q

what is the action of most of the posterior forearm muscles and what are the exceptions?

A 
extensors of the wrist, digits or thumb
except:
- brachioradialis
- supinator
- abductor pollicis longus
56
Q

what are the posterior forearm muscles innervated by?

A

radial nerve

57
Q

what is the origin of the posterior forearm muscles?

A

lateral epicondyle of the humerus

common extensor origin

58
Q

what are the deep muscles of the posterior forearm?

A

lateral -> medial

  • Supinator
  • Abductor pollicis longus
  • Extensor pollicis brevis
  • Extensor pollicis longus
  • Extensor indicis
59
Q

what is the attachment of the deep posterior forearm muscles?

A

proximally to the forearm bones and the interosseous membrane
(except supinator)

60
Q

which deep muscles of the posterior forearm are not extensors?

A 
supinator:
- supinates forearm and hand
- attaches to humerus
abductor pollicis longus
- abducts thumb
- inserts onto 1st metacarpal
61
Q

which superficial posterior forearm muscles are not extensors?

A

brachioradialis

  • lies on boundary between posterior and anterior compartments
  • weak flexor of elbow joint
62
Q

what is the anatomical snuffbox?

A
  • triangular-shaped depression on the lateral aspect of the wrist, at the base of the thumb
  • seen when the thumb is extended.
63
Q

what are the boundaries of the anatomical snuffbox?

A

medial - tendon of EPL

lateral - tendons of EPB and APL

64
Q

why is the anatomical snuffbox a clinically important region?

A
  • scaphoid lies in floor
  • radial artery
  • cephalic vein (cannulation)
65
Q

what are the areas of skin supplied by the peripheral nerves of the upper limb?

A 
median:
- palmar surface of the middle finger
ulnar:
- medial border of the hand
radial:
- lateral dorsum of the hand

Anatomy (10 decks)

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