Lower limb (from handbook)

Question 1

what is the fascia lata?

Answer 1

deep fascia that surrounds the thigh like a sleeve

Question 2

what is the iliotibial band/tract?

Answer 2

a thickening of the lateral part of
the fascia lata
- attaches to lateral part of proximal tibia

Question 3

what is the importance of the fascia lata?

Answer 3

helps to stabilise the knee joint

Question 4

what is the primary action of the anterior thigh muscles?

Answer 4

extensors of the knee

- some act on hip joint

Question 5

what are the anterior thigh muscles innervated by?

Answer 5

femoral nerve (L2-4)

Question 6

what are the anterior thigh muscles?

Answer 6

• Quadriceps femoris (group of four large muscles)
• Sartorius
• Iliopsoas
• Pectineus

Question 7

what are the quadriceps femoris muscles?

Answer 7

• Rectus femoris
• Vastus lateralis
• Vastus medialis
• Vastus intermedius

Question 8

what is the primary action of the medial thigh muscles?

Answer 8

adduct the hip

Question 9

what are the medial thigh muscles innervated by?

Answer 9

obturator nerve (L2-4)

Question 10

what are the muscles of the medial thigh?

Answer 10

• Adductor brevis
• Adductor longus
• Adductor magnus
• Gracilis
• Obturator externus

Question 11

what are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

Answer 11

lateral - sartorius
medial - adductor longus
superior - inguinal ligament
apex - where sartorius and adductor longus meet
floor - lateral: iliopsoas, medial: pectineus

Question 12

what are the contents of the femoral triangle?

Answer 12

• femoral artery
• femoral vein
• great saphenous vein
• femoral nerve

(NAVY)

Question 13

what are the superficial gluteal muscles?

Answer 13

• Gluteus maximus
• Gluteus medius
• Gluteus minimus
• Tensor fascia latae

Question 14

what are the superficial gluteal nerves innervated by?

Answer 14

inferior gluteal nerve:
- gluteus maximus
superior gluteal nerve:
- gluteus medius & minimus
- tensor fascia lata

Question 15

what is the primary action of the deep gluteal muscles?

Answer 15

stabilise & laterally rotate the hip joint

Question 16

what is the action of gluteus maximus?

Answer 16

• extensor & lateral rotator of hip

- stabilises knee joint

Question 17

what are the actions of gluteus medius & minimus?

Answer 17

• abduct & medially rotate hip

- role in normal gait (standing on 1 leg)

Question 18

what is the action of tensor fascia lata?

Answer 18

• tenses fascia lata & iliotibial band
• stabilises knee when extended
• helps to flex knee

Question 19

describe the course of piriformis

Answer 19

origin: anterior surface of sacrum
- through greater sciatic foramen
insertion: greater trochanter

Question 20

what are the posterior thigh muscles?

Answer 20

• semimembranosus
• semitendinosus
• biceps femoris (long and short head)
• hamstring part of adductor magnus

Question 21

what are the hamstring muscles?

Answer 21

• semimembranosus
• semitendinosus
• long head of biceps femoris

Question 22

where do the hamstrings attach?

Answer 22

ischial tuberosity

Question 23

what are the actions of the hamstrings?

Answer 23

• extend hip

- flex knee

Question 24

what are the hamstrings innervated by?

Answer 24

tibial nerve

Question 25

what is the action of the short head of biceps femoris and what is it innervated by?

Answer 25

- flexion of knee | - common peroneal

Question 26

what is the action of adductor magnus and what is it innervated by?

Answer 26

``` hamstring part: - extension of hip - tibial adductor part: - adduction of hip - obturator ```

Question 27

what are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

Answer 27

``` superior: - medial: semimembranosus & semitendinosus - lateral: biceps femoris inferior: - heads of gastrocnemius ```

Question 28

what are the contents of the popliteal fossa?

Answer 28

- popliteal artery - popliteal vein - tibial nerve - common peroneal nerve

Question 29

what is the popliteal artery a continuation of?

Answer 29

femoral artery

Question 30

what is the primary action of the anterior leg muscles?

Answer 30

- dorsiflexors of foot | - extensors of toes

Question 31

what are the anterior leg muscles innervated by?

Answer 31

deep peroneal nerve

Question 32

what are the anterior leg muscles?

Answer 32

- Tibialis anterior - Extensor hallucis longus (EHL) - Extensor digitorum longus (EDL)

Question 33

where do the lateral leg muscles attach?

Answer 33

fibula

Question 34

what is the action of the lateral leg muscles?

Answer 34

evert foot at subtalar joint

Question 35

what are the lateral leg muscles innervated by?

Answer 35

superficial peroneal nerve

Question 36

what are the lateral leg muscles?

Answer 36

- Peroneus longus (fibularis longus) | - Peroneus brevis (fibularis brevis)

Question 37

what is the significant muscle in the dorsum of the foot and what is it innervated by?

Answer 37

extensor digitorum brevis | - deep peroneal nerve

Question 38

what is the primary action of the posterior leg muscles?

Answer 38

- plantarflexors of foot | - flexors of toes

Question 39

what are the posterior leg muscles innervated by?

Answer 39

tibial nerve

Question 40

what are the superficial posterior leg muscles?

Answer 40

- gastrocnemius - soleus - plantaris

Question 41

where do the superficial posterior muscles insert?

Answer 41

calcaneus via Achilles tendon

Question 42

what are the deep posterior leg muscles?

Answer 42

- popliteus - tibialis posterior - flexor hallucis longus (FHL) - flexor digitorum longus (FDL)

Question 43

what are the muscles of the sole of the foot innervated by?

Answer 43

medial & lateral plantar nerves

Question 44

what are the terminal branches of the tibial nerve?

Answer 44

medial and lateral plantar nerves,

Question 45

what are the territories of skin supplied by the peripheral nerves of the lower limb?

Answer 45

``` Femoral: - anterior thigh - anteromedial leg (via the saphenous nerve) Obturator: - medial thigh Common peroneal: - lateral leg - dorsum of the foot Superficial peroneal: - lower lateral leg - most of the dorsum of the foot Deep peroneal: - 1st interdigital cleft Tibial nerve: - sole of the foot ```

Question 46

where would you test dermatomes of the lower limb?

Answer 46

``` L1: region over the inguinal ligament L2: upper anterior thigh L3: medial aspect of the knee L4: anteromedial leg L5: antereolateral leg S1: 5th digit / medial side of the foot ```