Upper limb anatomy part 2

Question 1

Scapula

Answer 1

Bone classification
Flat bone

Features

Body
Costal (anterior) surface
Subscapular fossa

Dorsal (posterior) surface
	Spine 
	Supraspinous fossa
	Infraspinous fossa
	Acromion process

3 Borders
Superior
suprascapular notch
Medial
Lateral

3 angles

	Superior
	Inferior
	Lateral

Question 2

Scapula – Lateral Aspect

Answer 2

Features

Head

• Glenoid cavity

Neck

• Process
  • Coracoid process
  • Acromion process

Question 3

Scapula: Ossification Centres

Answer 3

Primary ossification centre:

Body

Secondary ossification centres:

Subcoracoid region
Coracoid
Acromion (2 centres)
Inferior angle
Medial border
Glenoid cavity

Question 4

Clavicle

Answer 4

Bone classification
Long bone

Bone division
Sternal (medial) end
Shaft
Feature
Conoid tubercle
Trapezoid line
Acromial (lateral) end

Question 5

Clavicle : Ossification Centres

Answer 5

Primary ossification centre:

Shaft

Secondary ossification centres:

Sternal end

Question 6

Joint pathology and radiographic appearance

Answer 6

Radiological features - Dislocation

Articulating bone within the joint no longer sits in true anatomical position
Comes with associated ligamentous injury (Look for avulsion #)
Fracture/dislocations are relatively common
Presents usually as obvious deformity
Direction of dislocation can often be diagnosed radiographically

Question 7

Shoulder Common pathology

Answer 7

Acromioclavicular joint dislocation

Humeral head fracture

Scapula fracture

Glenohumeral Joint Pathology

Question 8

Humerus

Answer 8

Bone classification
Long bone

Bone division
Proximal (upper) end

Shaft
 
Distal (lower) end

Question 9

Proximal (upper) end of humerus

Answer 9

Features
Head of Humerus
Anatomical Neck
Greater tuberosity
Lesser tuberosity
Bicipital groove (intertuberous sulcus)
Surgical neck

Question 10

Shaft of humerus

Answer 10

Features
Deltoid tuberosity

Borders
Anterior
Medial
Lateral

Spiral groove

Surfaces
Posterior
Anterolateral
Anteromedial

Question 11

Distal (lower) end of humerus

Answer 11

Features
Capitulum
Trochlea
Medial epicondyle
Medial supracondylar ridge
Lateral epicondyle
Lateral supracondylar ridge
Coronoid fossa
Radial fossa
Olecranon fossa
Ulnar groove

Question 12

Humerus-Ossification

Answer 12

Primary ossification centre:
Shaft

Secondary ossification centres:

Proximal end:

Head 
Greater tuberosity
Lesser tuberosity

Distal end

Capitulum
Medial epicondyle	 
Trochlea  
Lateral epicondyle

Question 13

Humerus common pathology

Answer 13

humerus shaft fracture

pathological fracture

osteoporosis

Question 14

Elbow- Soft tissue signs

Answer 14

The soft tissue around the elbow can tell us a great deal regarding potential pathology
You should look for the presence of effusion
The presence of a fat-pad can be indicative of fracture

• Anterior fat pad : Possibly abnormal
• Posterior fat pad : Always abnormal

Question 15

Elbow Common pathology

Answer 15

radial head fracture

olecranon fracture

supracondylar fracture

dislocation