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Appendicular Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Pattern Recognition > Archeology, muscles and simple biomechanics > Flashcards

Archeology, muscles and simple biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

Arthrology

A

Study of joints:
Anatomy
Functions
Dysfunction/disease
Treatment

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2
Q

What are joints?

A

Where 2 or more bones or cartilage and bone meet.

Function
- flexibility movement
- attachment between bones

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3
Q

Joint categories and 3 main types

A
  • synovial joint- separated by a cavity
  • solid/fixed- bones held together by connective tissue
  • fibrous joints
  • cartilaginous
  • synovial
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4
Q

Connective tissue: skeletal muscle

A

Movement and joint stabilisation

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5
Q

Connective tissue: fibrous tissue

A

Forms joint capsule, muscle fascia and tendons

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6
Q

Connective tissue: Tendon

A

Continuation of muscle into bone, transmission of forces

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7
Q

Connective tissue: Ligament

A

Binds bones together for stability

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8
Q

Connective tissue: Cartilage

A

3 types
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic

Function
- provide support and strength
- development growth of bones
- smooth, reduced friction surface at joints

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9
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Groups of chondrocytes in a solid/dense matrix
- found on end of long bones in synovial/cartilaginous joint
- forms part of the trachea, larynx and bronchi
- it keeps the airway open

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10
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Dense groups of inelstic collagen fibres interspersed with chondrocytes
- tough slightly flexible

Found in
- intervertebral disc
- Meniscus of the knee
- rim of shoulder/ hip joint

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11
Q

Elastic Fibrocartilage

A

Not associated with joints
Chondrocytes lie within solid matrix of elastic fibres
- flexible tissue providing shape/ support

Found in
- pinna (ear love)
- epiglottis
- Tunica media of blood vessels

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12
Q

Solid joints

A

Bones are connected by either:
Dense fibrous connective tissue
Cartilage (mainly fibrocartilage)

Function predominantly for strength/support

Movement much more restricted than synovial joints

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13
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Syn-arthro-ses; together-joint-movement

Allow virtually no movement
Bones joined by strong fibrous tissue

3 Types of fibrous joints:
Sutures;
Gomphoses;
Syndesmoses;

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14
Q

Sutures

A

Only occur in the skull

Individual skull vault bones linked by strong connective tissue called sutural ligaments (sharpey’s fibres)

Interlocking ‘teeth’ give added strength

Wider in young children resulting in ‘soft spots called fontanelles which fuse in first year

allow minimal movement and changing shape of skull until age of approximately 20; birth and growth

becoming more fixed and immoveable and fuse by 6th decade

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15
Q

gomphoses

A

Occur between the teeth (not bone) and mandible bone

Short collagen fibres in periodontal ligament join the tooth root and bone socket in mandible

very minimal movement; over time

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16
Q

syndesmoses

A

variable but minimal movement

Bones Held together by interosseous ligament/ membrane

Examples include:
distal tibia/fibula
Distal radius/ulna
Ligamentum flavum in spine

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17
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Virtually no / minimal movement

Bones joined by layer of cartilage (fibro- or hyaline cartilage)

Permanent joints all in midline

2 types of cartilaginous joints:
Primary: Synchondrosis
Secondary: Symphysis

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18
Q

synchondroses

A

Connected by hyaline cartilage
No/very minimal movement

Examples include
Permanent:
sterno-costal joint of 1st rib
Sacro-coccygeal joint

Temporary:
between metaphysis and physeal plates of a growing long bone (no movement)

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19
Q

Physeal (growth plates)

A

Classed as primary synchondroses – joined by hyaline cartilage

Joint between:
Metaphysis/diaphysis and epiphysis of long bone
primary and secondary ossification centres

No movement

Allows increase in bone length; endochondral ossification

Fuses with skeletal maturity

20
Q

Physeal (growth plates) zones

A

Reserve/germinal zone: resting daughter chondrocyte cells next to epiphysis

Proliferative zone: undergo rapid mitosis controlled by growth hormone

Hypertrophic zone: chondrocytes enlarge by taking on glycogen, lipids, and alkaline phosphatase

Provisional zone of calcification/ossification: chondrocytes apoptose (die) and calcify

Zone of ossification: osteoblasts/clasts in metaphysis replace calcification with bone

21
Q

symphyses

A

Variable (but fairly minimal) movement

Ends of Bones covered in hyaline cartilage
joined by fibrocartilage disc
strengthened by surrounding ligaments

Occur in midline

Examples include:
intervertebral discs between vertebrae in spine
symphysis pubis in pelvis

22
Q

Intervertebral discs

A

Inferior / superior endplates of vertebrae covered by thin layer of hyaline cartilage

Joined by fibrocartilage disc

connected to vertebrae though strong fine collagen fibres (sharpey’s fibres)

Compressible and strong

Roles include:
Shock absorber
hold vertebrae together
Permits minimal movement (rotation/flexion/extension/sideways bending)

Increase in size from superior to inferior

23
Q

Intervertebral discs: Fibrocartilage disc formed of:

A

Anulus fibrosis:
outer fibrocartilage and collagen ring
arranged in lamellar (onion skin) layeRS

Nucleus pulposis:
gelatinous centre
Dehydrates and shrinks as we age

24
Q

Synovial joints

A

Main classification of joints; where most movement occurs
Movement varies according to type of synovial joint
Highly specialised according to required function

Basic structure includes:
End of bones covered by protective layer of articular (hyaline) cartilage
Space in between layers of cartilage filled with synovial fluid
Bones joined by Surrounding fibrous capsule continuous with periosteum
Capsule lined by synovial membrane which secretes lubricating fluid

25
Q

Synovial joint components: Main features + Accessory structures

A

Main features

Joint cavity
Two bones
Hyaline cartilage
Joint capsule
Synovial membrane
Fibrous capsule
Synovial fluid

Accessory structures

Menisci (articular discs)
Fat pads
Bursae
Synovial sheaths
Tendons / muscles
Ligaments
Sesamoid bones

26
Q

Bones / Hyaline cartilage

A

Two opposing bones covered by hyaline (articular cartilage)

Prevent bone-on-bone contact

Protection and reduced friction

Normally not seen on X-ray (joint space)

Thickness dependent on forces acting on joint

Thinning caused by arthritis

27
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Lines inner part of joint capsule enclosing joint cavity between edges of hyaline cartilage

Does not cover articulating surfaces (i.e. where cartilage present)

Pink (highly vascular) Smooth, slippery membrane

Produces synovial fluid

Helps to remove debris from joint as derived from monocyte cells

Also found in outside joints in synovial sheaths and bursae

28
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Viscous fluid produced by synovial membrane
Components include:
Hyaluronic acid
Lubricin
Proteinases / collagenases
Phagocytic cells

Similar in consistency to egg white
Fills joint cavities within synovial membrane and forms very thin layer between articular cartilages

Roles include:
Friction reduction
Shock absorption; becomes more viscous the more pressure it undergoes (opposite of ketchup!)
Nutrient/waste diffusion to cartilage (avascular)
Removal of microbes / particles debris from degeneration of cartilage

29
Q

Fibrous capsule

A

Dense fibrous connective tissue external to synovial membrane

Enclose all intra-articular aspects of a joint

Blends with periosteum in articulating bones

Perforated by nerves / blood vessels

Parts may be thickened to form stabilising ligaments (further supported by ligaments outside of capsule)

30
Q

Menisci (articular discs)

A

Fibrocartilage discs within larger joints; knee

Intra-capsular (articular) structures

Roles include:
Increase concavity / joint surface of articulating bones (stability)
Additional shock absorption
Provide additional support on certain movements (increase range)

May be prone to injury

31
Q

Bursae / synovial sheaths

A

Occur at sites and of most friction between extra-articular structures such as:
Tendon / bone
Muscle / bone
Ligament / bone
Skin / bone

Closed sack of synovial membrane: bursa (bursae)
Length of synovial membrane surrounding tendon: tendon sheath

Normally contain minimal synovial fluid (except if inflamed - bursitis)

32
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Form within tendon (or muscle) at site of stress (or normal variant)

Improves mechanical efficiency to transmit force by acting as a fulcrum /pulley for tendons to slide over

33
Q

Stability of synovial joints

A

Bony articulations inherently unstable; articular surfaces a minor component in joint strength

Ligaments:
Add to strength of fibrous capsule
More ligaments, more stability
Minimal elasticity; prone to tearing under severe strain

Muscles/tendons:
Muscle tone most important to joint stability (continuous passive partial contraction)
Maintains posture and alignment
Muscle groups work in combination
Important part of physiotherapy/rehabilitation in trauma/disease

34
Q

Basic biomechanics

A

Mechanics is the study of forces and their effects
Biomechanics relates mechanics in living things; in particular the msk system

Lever; bones
Pivot/fulcrum; joints (and the supporting ligaments)
Force; muscles
Resistance; weight of body/force applied or opposing muscles

Lever systems 1,2, or 3 dependent on the position of the pivot in relation to the force/resistance

35
Q

Basic biomechanics

A

Almost no 2nd lever systems in body (tmJ)

Most combination of 1st/3rd lever systems working together

3rd lever systems most common to flex joint

Longer the lever arm (pivot to resistance), larger the force required to counter

Muscle insertions close to joint allow more control but more force to move lever

36
Q

Types of synovial joint

A

Type determined by structure and Range of movements:

Condylar / ellipsoid
Plane / gliding
Hinge
Ball and socket
Saddle
Pivot

Almost all synovial joints allow more than one axis of movement (maybe small); some overlap between types

37
Q

Movement definitions

A

Abduction – movement away from the midline

Adduction – movement towards the midline

Rotation – turning around an axis

Circumduction – circular movement around a joint (combination of the above)

FLEXION - reducing angle of joint (bending)

EXTENSION - increasing angle at a joint (extending)

SUPINATION – turning upwards (towards NAP)

PRONATION – turning downwards (away from NAP)

INVERSION – turning the sole of the foot medially

Eversion – turning the sole of the foot laterally

38
Q

Synovial condylar/ellipsoid joint

A

biaxial; movement in two directions/axes at right angles

Rounded (condyloid) surface sites within cup-shaped (concave) surface

Varies but may include all directions

Examples include:
wrist joint (radio-carpal)
Metacarpo-phalangeal joints (MCPJ)
Metatarso-phalangeal joints (MTPJ)
Temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ)

39
Q

Synovial ball and socket joints

A

multiaxial; movement in more than two directions/axes

Ball (head) of one bone sits within deep socket of other bone
Similar to condylar but deeper and wider range of movement

Allows flexion, extension abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction

Examples include:
Hip joint
Shoulder joint

40
Q

Synovial saddle joint

A

biaxial; movement in two directions/axes

Allows flexion, extension abduction, adduction, and rotation
Articular surfaces like person sitting on a saddle
Similar to condyloid joint

Examples include:
Ankle joint
Sterno-clavicular joint (SCJ)
Thumb carpo-metacarpal joint (cmcJ)

41
Q

Synovial plane/gliding joint

A

Uniaxial; movement in one direction/axis

Articular surface flat/slightly curved

Allows gliding only
Least movement of all synovial joints
Often Work in groups (eg foot, spine)

Examples include:
Sacro-iliac joint (SIJ)
Proximal tibio-fibular joint
Acromio-clavicular joint (acj)
Inter - Carpal / tarsal joints
Vertebral facet joints

42
Q

Synovial pivot joint

A

uniaxial; movement in one direction/axis

Allows rotation only
Long process on one bone sits within hole/arch of other bone/ligament

Examples include:
Proximal radio-ulna joint
Distal radio-ulna joint

43
Q

Synovial hinge joint

A

Uniaxial; movement in one direction/axis

Allows flexion / extension
Articular surfaces fit like door hinge

Examples include:
Elbow joint
Inter-phalangeal joints

44
Q

Joint Abnormalities

A

Disruption of normal joint articulation:

Dislocation; complete loss of apposition of joint surfaces
Subluxation; partial loss of apposition of joint surfaces (partial dislocation)
Diastasis; widening (pulling apart of joint surfaces)

Unable to see underlying soft tissue damage on X-ray (remember where the strength is)
Fracture-dislocation when both fracture and dislocation present
Need for two-views for true assessment

45
Q
A

Appendicular Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Pattern Recognition (9 decks)

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