Upper limb anatomical regions

Question 1

What forms the apex (pointy top) of the axilla? (3)

Answer 1

• lateral boarder of 1st rib
• superior (top) boarder of scapula
• posterior (bottom) boarder of clavical

Question 2

What structures form the lateral wall of the axilla? (1)

Answer 2

• groove between tubucles of humerous

Question 3

What structrues form the medial wall of the axilla? (2)

Answer 3

• serratus anterior

- thoracic wall (ribs & intercostal muscles)

Question 4

What structures form the anterior wall of the axilla? (3)

Answer 4

• pectoralis major
• pec minor
• subclavian muscles

Question 5

What structures form the posterior wall of the axila? (3)

Answer 5

• subscapularis
• teres minor
• lat dorsi

Question 6

What are the 3 passages that structures leave the axilla through?

Answer 6

• inferior and lateral part to the upper limb
• quadrangular space (gap in posterior wall)
• Clavipectoral triangle (opening in anterior wall, bounded by pec major on medial side, deltoid on lateral side and clavical on superior side)

Question 7

What structures leave the axilla via the quadrangular space? (2)

Answer 7

axillary nerve and posterior circumflex artery

Question 8

What structures enter (1) and leave (2) via the clavipectoral triangle?

Answer 8

enter: cephalic vein
leave: medial and lateral pectoral nerves

Question 9

What 6 important structures are within the axilla?

Answer 9

• axillary artery
• axillary vein
• brachial plexus
• biceps brachii
• coracobrachialis
• axillary lymph nodes

Question 10

What structures make the medial, lateral and superior boarder of the cubital fossa?

Answer 10

lateral: medial boarder of brachioradialis
medial: lateral boarder of pronator teres
superior: imaginary line between humerous’ epidondyles

Question 11

What structures make up the floor and roof of the cubital fossa?

Answer 11

floor: brachialis
roof: skin and fascia reinforced by bicipital aponeurosis

Question 12

What important structure lies within the roof of the cubital fossa? Why is it important?

Answer 12

the medial cubital vein- acessed during venepuncture

Question 13

What structure lies near to the cubital fossa, beneath the brachioradialis?

Answer 13

radial nerve

Question 14

What 3 structures are within the cubital fossa and in what order do the appear?

Answer 14

from lateral to medial: TAN

• biceps Tendon
• brachial Artery (splits into radial and ulna artery at apex of cubital fossa)
• median Nerve

Question 15

What structures make up the deep layer of the carpal tunnel- the deep carpal arch? (4)

Answer 15

from lateral to medial:
trapezium
trapezoid
capitate
hamate

Question 16

What structures form the supericial boarder of the carpal tunnel? (1)

Answer 16

Flexor reticulum

Question 17

How many tendons in total pass through the carpal tunnel? What muscles do they belong to? (3)

Answer 17

9
flexor pollicis longus
flexor digitorum profundus
flexor digitorum superficialis

Question 18

There are 2 synovial sheaths in the carpal tunnel, which tendon gets its own synovial sheath?

Answer 18

flexor pollicus longus

Question 19

Where is the flexor carpi radialis tendon located in relation to the carpal tunnel?

Answer 19

in the flexor retinaculum

Question 20

What nerve passes through the carpal tunnel?

Answer 20

median nerve

Question 21

What causes carpal tunnel?

Answer 21

thickening of ligaments and tendon sheaths, however cause of the is idiopathic usually

Question 22

What are signs of carpal tunnnel synrome?

Answer 22

numbness, pain and tingling in first 3 digits and palm (median nerve area), worse in sleep and mornings
if untreated atrophy of muscles in thenar eminence

Question 23

How is carpal tunnel sydrome managed?

Answer 23

• splint to hold wrist in dorsiflexion overnight
• corticosteroid injections if unsuccessful
• surgical decompression of carpal tunnnel if this not work

Question 24

Which artery lies superficial to the superior/lateral aspect of the carpal tunnel

Answer 24

radial artery

Question 25

What makes up the medial (ulnar, top) boarder of the snuff box?

Answer 25

extensor pollicis longus tendon

Question 26

What makes up the lateral (radial, bottom) boarder of the anatomical snuff box? (2)

Answer 26

abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis

Question 27

What makes up the proximal boarder of the snuff box?

Answer 27

Styloid process of radius

Question 28

What makes up the floor of the snuff box?

Answer 28

scaphoid and trapezium

Question 29

What makes up the roof of the snuff box?

Answer 29

skin

Question 30

Which bone can be palpated within the snuff box?

Answer 30

scaphoid

Question 31

What are the main contents of the snuff box? (3)

Answer 31

radial artery, radial nerve, cephalic vein

Question 32

Where does the radial artery run in the snuff box?

Answer 32

across the floor, diagonally

Question 33

Where does the radial nerve run in the snuff box?

Answer 33

across the roof, the can be felt on top of the extensor pollicis longus, it supplies the skin on the lateral 3.5 digits on the dorsum of the hand.