Upper limb anatomical regions Flashcards
What forms the apex (pointy top) of the axilla? (3)
- lateral boarder of 1st rib
- superior (top) boarder of scapula
- posterior (bottom) boarder of clavical
What structures form the lateral wall of the axilla? (1)
- groove between tubucles of humerous
What structrues form the medial wall of the axilla? (2)
- serratus anterior
- thoracic wall (ribs & intercostal muscles)
What structures form the anterior wall of the axilla? (3)
- pectoralis major
- pec minor
- subclavian muscles
What structures form the posterior wall of the axila? (3)
- subscapularis
- teres minor
- lat dorsi
What are the 3 passages that structures leave the axilla through?
- inferior and lateral part to the upper limb
- quadrangular space (gap in posterior wall)
- Clavipectoral triangle (opening in anterior wall, bounded by pec major on medial side, deltoid on lateral side and clavical on superior side)
What structures leave the axilla via the quadrangular space? (2)
axillary nerve and posterior circumflex artery
What structures enter (1) and leave (2) via the clavipectoral triangle?
enter: cephalic vein
leave: medial and lateral pectoral nerves
What 6 important structures are within the axilla?
- axillary artery
- axillary vein
- brachial plexus
- biceps brachii
- coracobrachialis
- axillary lymph nodes
What structures make the medial, lateral and superior boarder of the cubital fossa?
lateral: medial boarder of brachioradialis
medial: lateral boarder of pronator teres
superior: imaginary line between humerous’ epidondyles
What structures make up the floor and roof of the cubital fossa?
floor: brachialis
roof: skin and fascia reinforced by bicipital aponeurosis
What important structure lies within the roof of the cubital fossa? Why is it important?
the medial cubital vein- acessed during venepuncture
What structure lies near to the cubital fossa, beneath the brachioradialis?
radial nerve
What 3 structures are within the cubital fossa and in what order do the appear?
from lateral to medial: TAN
- biceps Tendon
- brachial Artery (splits into radial and ulna artery at apex of cubital fossa)
- median Nerve
What structures make up the deep layer of the carpal tunnel- the deep carpal arch? (4)
from lateral to medial: trapezium trapezoid capitate hamate
What structures form the supericial boarder of the carpal tunnel? (1)
Flexor reticulum
How many tendons in total pass through the carpal tunnel? What muscles do they belong to? (3)
9
flexor pollicis longus
flexor digitorum profundus
flexor digitorum superficialis
There are 2 synovial sheaths in the carpal tunnel, which tendon gets its own synovial sheath?
flexor pollicus longus
Where is the flexor carpi radialis tendon located in relation to the carpal tunnel?
in the flexor retinaculum
What nerve passes through the carpal tunnel?
median nerve
What causes carpal tunnel?
thickening of ligaments and tendon sheaths, however cause of the is idiopathic usually
What are signs of carpal tunnnel synrome?
numbness, pain and tingling in first 3 digits and palm (median nerve area), worse in sleep and mornings
if untreated atrophy of muscles in thenar eminence
How is carpal tunnel sydrome managed?
- splint to hold wrist in dorsiflexion overnight
- corticosteroid injections if unsuccessful
- surgical decompression of carpal tunnnel if this not work
Which artery lies superficial to the superior/lateral aspect of the carpal tunnel
radial artery
What makes up the medial (ulnar, top) boarder of the snuff box?
extensor pollicis longus tendon
What makes up the lateral (radial, bottom) boarder of the anatomical snuff box? (2)
abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis
What makes up the proximal boarder of the snuff box?
Styloid process of radius
What makes up the floor of the snuff box?
scaphoid and trapezium
What makes up the roof of the snuff box?
skin
Which bone can be palpated within the snuff box?
scaphoid
What are the main contents of the snuff box? (3)
radial artery, radial nerve, cephalic vein
Where does the radial artery run in the snuff box?
across the floor, diagonally
Where does the radial nerve run in the snuff box?
across the roof, the can be felt on top of the extensor pollicis longus, it supplies the skin on the lateral 3.5 digits on the dorsum of the hand.
