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MSK Anatomy > Upper Limb 3 > Flashcards

Upper Limb 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What do the muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm do in general compared to the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Anterior compartment = flexion and pronation

Posterior compartment = extension and supination

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2
Q

Name the 3 groups of muscles of the anterior forearm

A

Superficial
Intermediate
Deep

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3
Q

What are the 4 muscles of the superficial group of the anterior forearm?

A

Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris

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4
Q

What is the common flexor origin of the anterior forearm?

How does this compare to the common extensor origin?

A

Medial epicondyle

Lateral epicondyle

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5
Q

What is the action of pronator teres?

A

Pronation of the forearm

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6
Q

What is the innervation of the pronator teres?

A

Median nerve

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7
Q

Pronator teres = pronation

The other 3 muscles of the superficial group of the anterior forearm flex the hand at the wrist joint.

Which muscles in addition to this adduct and abduct at the wrist joint?

A

Adduct the wrist joint = flexor carpi ulnaris

Abduct the wrist joint = flexor carpi radialis

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8
Q

What two muscles work to abduct the wrist?

A

Flexor carpi radialis

Extensor carpi radialis (longus and brevis)

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9
Q

What two muscles work to adduct the wrist?

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Extensor carpi ulnaris

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10
Q

What nerves supply the 4 muscles of the superficial group of anterior compartment of forearm?

A

Median supplies all apart from the flexor carpi ulnaris which is supplied by the ulnar nerve

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11
Q

What is unique about the brachioradialis muscle?

A

Belongs to the extensor compartment and is supplies by an extensor compartment nerve even though it is a flexor of the elbow joint.

Major exception to the generalisation that the radial nerve supplies only extensor muscles and that all flexors lie in the anterior compartment

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12
Q

Which nerve inervates the brachioradialis muscle?

What is the segmental value?

A

Radial nerve

c5, C6, c7

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13
Q

What muscle is the only member of the intermediate group of muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (FDS)

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14
Q

How many tendons does the flexor digitorum profundus give rise to?

To which fingers are these tendons attached?

A

4 tendons

Index finger to pinkie (2-5)

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15
Q

Which phalynx does the tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis insert?

Because of this what joints does this muscle flex?

A

Middle

Wrist, MCP, and interphalangeal joints

(NOT distal interphalangeal joint)

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16
Q

What nerve supplies the flexor digitorum superficialis?

What is the segmental value? (C7, C8, T1)

A

Medial nerve

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17
Q

What 3 muscles make up the deep group of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP)
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus

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18
Q

What joints does the flexor digitorum profundus act on?

What are its main actions?

A

Wrist and all joints of the fingers

Flexes wrist and distal interphalangeal

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19
Q

Describe the nerve supply of the flexor digitorum profundus

A

Dual nerve supply

Ulnar nerve -> Medial part (c8, T1)
Median nerve -> Lateral part (C8, t1)

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20
Q

What is the action and nerve supply of the plexor pollicis longus?

A

Long flexor of the thumb

Median nerve (C8, t1)

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21
Q

Where is the origin and insertion of the pronator quadrates?

A

Origin = front of the ulna

Insertion into radius

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22
Q

What is the action of the pronator quadratus?

What is the nerve supply?

A

Pronates forearm; deep fibres bind radius and ulna together

Anterior interosseous nerve, from median nerve (C8, t1)

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23
Q

What is the relationship of the brachial artery with the medial nerve in the cubital fossa?

A

The nerve is medial to the brachial artery in the cubital fossa

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24
Q

Which muscle(s) does the median nerve not supply in the forearm?

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris and medial half of flexor digitorum profundus

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25
Q

Does the median nerve enter the hand by passing below or above the flexor retinaculum?

A

Below

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26
Q

Describe the path of the ulnar nerve as it enters the forearm

A

After passing posterior to the medial epicondyle of the humerus the ulnar nerve enters the forearm by passing between the heads of flexor carpi ulnas muscle

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27
Q

How does the ulnar nerve lie in relation to the ulnar artery in the distal forearm?

A

Medial

28
Q

What are the two terminal branches of brachial artery?

A

Radial and Ulnar artery

29
Q

In close relation to which part of radius does the brachial artery divides into 2 terminal branches?

A

Opposite neck of radius

30
Q

What makes up the walls of the carpal tunnel?

A

Roof = flexor retinaculum
Lateral side = scaphoid and trapezium
Medial side = Pisiform and hamate

31
Q

What is the fibrous retinaculum?

A

Strong fibrous band which converts the concavity of the palmar surface of the carpus (carpal bones) and convertes it into a channel, the carpal tunnel.

32
Q

What are the contents of the carpal tunnel?

A

Median nerve

4 tendons of Flexor digitorum superficialis

4 tendons of flexor digitorum profundus

1 tendon of flexor pollicis longus

33
Q

What is the most sensitive structure in the carpal tunnel that could be affected in carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Median nerve

34
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome results from what?

A

Any lesion that significantly reduces the size of the carpal tunnel

35
Q

If the median nerve is effected in carpal tunnel syndrome what symptoms may the patient experience?

A

Tingling

Diminished sensation

Abscence of tactile sensation to the area supplied by the nerve

36
Q

What muscle of the forearm is continuous with the fascia of the palm called the palmar aponeurosis?

A

Palmaris longus tendon

37
Q

The intrinsic muscles of the hand are located in 5 compartments.

Name them

A

Thenar compartment

Hypothenar compartment

Adductor compartment

Lumbicals and long flexor tendons - central compartment

Interossei compartment

38
Q

The thenar muscles from the thenar eminence on the lateral part of the palm are responsible mainly for what?

A

Apposition of the thumb

39
Q

Name the 3 muscles which make up the thenar eminence

A

Flexor pollicis brevis
Abductor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis

40
Q

Which nerve innervates all 3 muscles of the thinner eminence?

A

Recurrent Branch of Median Nerve

41
Q

The nerve which innervates the thenar muscles is made up of fibres from which segmental levels?

A

C8 and T1

42
Q

What 3 muscles make up the hypothenar eminence?

hypothenar muscles

A

Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor Digiti Minimi
Oppenens digiti minimi

43
Q

Which nerve innervates all the hypothenar muscles?

A

Deep branch of the Ulnar Nerve

44
Q

What is the segmental value of the nerve innervating the hypothenar muscles?

A

C8, T1

45
Q

The adductor pollicis is made up of 2 heads

Name them

A

Transverse head

Oblique head

46
Q

Which nerve innervates the adductor pollicis?

A

Deep branch of the ulnar nerve (C8, T1)

47
Q

What is the action of the adductor pollicis on the thumb?

A

Adducts the thumb towards the lateral border of the palm

48
Q

Among the short muscles of the hand, there are 4 earth worm-like muscles forming the central compartment

What are these collectively called?

A

Lumbricals

49
Q

From which long flexor tendon do the lumbricals originate?

A

Tendon of flexor digitorum profundus

50
Q

What is the action of the lumbrical muscles?

A

Flex the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joint and simultaneously extend the interphalangeal joint of 2nd to 5th digits

51
Q

How are the lumbricals innervated?

A

Medial two lumbricals innervated by the ulnar nerve and the lateral two are innervated by the median nerve

52
Q

The interossei are present between what bones?

A

Metacarpal bones

53
Q

How many dorsal and hor many palmar interossei are there?

A

4 dorsal

3 palmar

54
Q

What are the actions of the dorsal and palmar interossei muscles on the fingers?

A

DAB
-Dorsal Interossei ABduct fingers

PAD
-Palmar Interossei ADduct the fingers

55
Q

Which nerve innervates the dorsal and palmar interossei muscles?

A

Ulnar

56
Q

What segmental levels provide nerve fibres to the ulnar nerve?

A

C8, T1

57
Q

Lesion of which trunk affects these short muscles of the hand?

What is the paralysis called?

A

Lower trunk

Klumpke paralysis

58
Q

What are the segmental levels involved in Klumpke paralysis (lower trunk)?

A

C8, T1

59
Q

Describe the blood supply to the hand

A

The ulnar and radial arteries and their branches provide all the blood to the hand.

Both arteries after entering the palm contribute to the formation of arterial arches - superficial and deep palmar arteries

These arterial arches provide collateral circulation in the hand

60
Q

Which artery is the main contributor of the superficial palmar arch?

What about the deep palmar arch?

A

Ulnar = Superficial

Radial = deep

61
Q

What muscles do the radial nerve supply?

A

None

Supplies skin on the dorsal aspect of the hand

62
Q

The ulnar nerve innervates most of the intrinsic muscles of the hand except what?

A

Thenar muscles and the first and second lumbrical muscle

63
Q

The wrist joint is which kind of joint?

A

Synovial condyloid joint

64
Q

What structures make up the proximal and distal aspects of the wrist joint?

A

Proximal:
-Distal end of radius and the articular disc

Distal:
-Proximal row of the carpal bones (except the pisiform)

65
Q

What is the combined action of extensor and flexor carpi ulnaris on the wrist joint?

A

They act as adduction or cause ulnar deviation

66
Q

Which muscles are responsible for the abduction of the wrist joint?

A

Extensor + flexor carpi radialis

MSK Anatomy (14 decks)

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