Upper Limb Flashcards
Describe the clavicle
Long bone - made up of spongy bone with no medullary cavity, surrounded by thin shell of compact bone. Lateral end is concave, to articulate with acromion. Medial end is convex, the articulating surface with manubrium of sternum and first costal cartilage.
Describe the scapula
A flat, irregular bone - two surfaces and three fossae (indents), with three angles, borders and processes. Glenoid fossa holds humeral head, with infra- and supra-glenoid tubercles for muscle attachments.
Describe the humerus
Long bone - humeral head projects medially & superiorly to articulate with glenoid cavity of scapula. Proximally, the greater and lesser tubercles are RC attachment sites. There is an intertubercular sulcus (AKA bicipital groove) where the long head of biceps brachii passes through. The deltoid tuberosity -found roughly midway along bone shaft - has lateral and medial muscle attachments. Distally, the lateral and medial epicondyles make part of the elbow joint, alongside the trochlea and olecranon fossa.
Describe the radius
Long bone - proximally the radial head articulates with the capitulum and radial notch on ulna. Immediately below this is the radial tuberosity for muscle attachments. Following distally, we find the oblique line (another muscle attachment site) separating the lateral and anterior surfaces. Most distally we find the articulating surface for carpal bones, and the dorsal tubercle, radial styloid process, and ulnar notch for articulation and muscle attachments.
Describe the ulna
Long bone - most proximally has the olecranon (with roughening for muscle attachments) and the coronoid process (also muscle attachments). These both make up the trochlea notch for articulation with trochlea condyle of humerus. Laterally, we find the supinator crest (muscle attachment), anteriorly the tuberosity of ulna (muscle attachment) and posteriorly a roughening btw supinator crest and olecranon for muscle attachment. There is some further roughening distally towards the head of the ulna for muscle attachment. The head of the ulna has a projecting ulnar styloid process and articles with carpal bones via the articular disc.
Describe the carpal bones
Irregular bones - 8 bones form a convex contour articulating with concave surfaces of radius and articular disc of ulna. Lateral to medial (thumb to pinky) proximal and distal carpals are scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform and trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate respectively. The pisiform is a sesamoid bone in the tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris and articulates with the anterior surface of triquetrum. Both the scaphoid and triquetrum have tubercles for attachments, and hamate has the hook of hamate - most carpal bones articulate with their neighbours only.
Describe the metacarpals
Long bones - 5 metacarpals make up the most proximal long bones of our fingers, running through the palmar area. 1st metacarpal articulates at base with trapezium, 2nd metacarpal articulates at base with trapezoid, 3rd metacarpal articulates with capitate, and the 4th and 5th metacarpals articulate with hamate. All distal surfaces of metacarpals articulate with the base of proximal phalanges.
Describe phalanges
Long bones - 14 bones making up the fingers, 3 in all fingers expect the thumb (only proximal and distal). Articulate with heads and bases of adjacent bones.
Identify the classification, articulating surfaces, supporting ligaments, and movements of the STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT
Classification: synovial saddle (double plane)
AS: sternal end of clavicle, manubrium of sternum, part of 1st costal cartilage
Ligaments: anterior sternoclavicular, posterior sternoclavicular, costoclavicular, interclavicular
Movement: AP and vertical plane movement of clavicle, minor rotation
Identify the classification, articulating surfaces, supporting ligaments, and movements of the ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT
Classification: synovial plane
AS: lateral aspect of clavicle (oval shaped facet) and medial aspect of acromion
Ligaments: acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular (accessory with 2 parts - trapezoid and conoid ligaments)
Movement: AP and vertical plane movement of clavicle, some rotation
Identify the classification, articulating surfaces, supporting ligaments, and movements of the GLENOHUMERAL JOINT
Classification: synovial, ball & socket
AS: glenoid cavity of scapula & head of humerus
Ligaments: glenoid labrum, glenohumeral, coracohumeral, and transverse humeral
Movements: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and medial and lateral rotation
Identify the classification, articulating surfaces, supporting ligaments, and movements of the ELBOW JOINT
Classification: synovial hunge
AS: trochlea of humerus with trochlear notch of ulna, and capitulum of humerus with head of radius
Ligaments: radial and ulnar collateral ligaments
Movement: flexion and extension of forearm
Identify the classification, articulating surfaces, supporting ligaments, and movements of the PROXIMAL RADIOULNAR JOINT
Classification: synovial pivot
AS: head of radius with ‘sleeve’ formed by radial notch of ulnar and anular ligament
Ligaments: anular
Movement: pronation and supination of forearm
Identify the classification, articulating surfaces, supporting ligaments, and movements of the DISTAL RADIOULNAR JOINT
Classification: synovial pivot
AS: head of ulna to ulnar notch of radius and articular disc
Ligaments: anterior and posterior
Movement: pronation and supination of forearm
Identify the classification, articulating surfaces, supporting ligaments, and movements of the RADIOCARPAL JOINT
Classification: synovial condyloid
AS: distal end of radius with articular disc, on scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum
Ligaments: radial and ulnar collateral, and palmar & dorsal radiocarpal
Movement: flexion, extension, circumduction, and ulnar & radial deviation
