Upper limb Flashcards
What are the bone(s) that constitute the pectoral girdle?
Scapula and clavicle
What are the bone(s) that constitute the arm?
Humerus
What are the bone(s) that constitute the forearm?
Ulna and radius
What are the bone(s) that constitute the hand?
1) Carpal
2) Metacarpal
3) Phalanges
What are the 6 joints of the upper limb?
1) Scapulohumeral
2) Acromioclavicular
3) Sternoclavicular
4) Elbow
5) Wrist
6) Carpometacarpal
7) Interphalangeal
What are the 3 types of joints?
1) Fibrous
- fibrous tissue → no/little mvt
2) Cartilaginous
- hyaline or fibrocartilage → small amount of mvt
3) Synovial joint
- bones covered by hyaline cartilage, separated by joint cavity → greatest degree of movement
What are 3 factors that determine the stability of a synovial joint?
1) Shape & arrangement of articular surfaces
2) Ligaments
3) Muscle tone
What are 3 factors that limit movement of synovial joint?
1) Shape of bone
2) Adjacent structures
3) Ligaments (intrinsic/extrinsic)
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
1) Gliding
2) Pivot
3) Hinge
4) Condyloid
5) Saddle
6) Ball and Socket
In a plane/gliding joint, the articular surfaces are _______, permitting bones to slide or glide over one another.
Flat
What type of synovial joint allows for uniaxial flexion and extension?
Hinge joint
Which type of synovial joint allows the greatest range of motion in multiple axes?
Ball & Socket
What is a pivot joint and what type of movement does it allow?
A central bony pivot surrounded by a ligamentous ring.
Allows for rotation
What types of movement are allowed in a condyloid joint?
1) Flexion, extension
2) Abduction, Adduction
3) Small amount of rotation
How are the bones articulated in an ellipsoid joint?
Concave surface of bone articulates with convex surface of other (u-shape)
How are the bones articulated in a saddle joint?
Articular surfaces are concavo-convex (s-shaped like saddle)
What are the borders and angles of the triangular scapula bone?
Borders:
1) Medial
2) Lateral
3) Superior
Angles
1) Superior
2) Inferior
The anterior/costal surface of the scapula forms the ___________________
Subscapular fossa
The posterior surface of the scapula is divided by the spine which laterally projects as the _________________ which articulates with the _____________.
Laterally, the _____ fossa articulates with the head of the humerus. Its superior border is marked by ____________.
Spine → Acromion process → articulate w clavicle
Laterally: Glenoid fossa
Superior: Coracoid process
- projects antero-laterally and scapular notch
What are the rotator cuff muscles and where are their origins?
From posterior surface of scapula:
1) Supraspinatus
2) Infraspinatus
3) Teres minor
From costal surface of scapula:
4) Subscapularis
What is the function of the rotator cuff muscles?
Stabilises glenohumeral joint
- Holds head of the humerus against glenoid cavity of the scapula (stability)
Other than the rotator cuff muscles, what are the other muscles acting on the scapula and what are their actions?
1) Trapezious
- elevates, retracts and depress scapula
2) Levator scapula
- elevates scapula
3) Rhomboids
- retract scapula
What are the muscle(s) that elevate the scapula?
1) Trapezious
2) Levator Scapula
What are the muscle(s) that retract the scapula?
1) Trapezious
2) Rhomboids