Lower limb Flashcards
What are the movements of the hip joint?
1) Flexion/Extension
2) Abduction/Adduction
3) Medial/lateral rotation
Owing to the ________________________________ during development, the original dorsal/extensor surface of the lower limbs becomes _____________, while the ventral/flexor surface becomes ______________.
Medial rotation of lower limb through 180° →
i) dorsal/extensor → anterior
ii) ventral/flexor → posterior
How is the body weight transferred to the lower limbs?
From vertebral column → sacroiliac joints → pelvic girdle
→ hip joints → femurs
→ knee joint → tibia
→ ankle joint → talus → tarsals + metatarsals
What are the 3 bones that form each hip bone?
1) Ilium → socket/articulation with femoral head
2) Ischium → posteroinferior part of the acetabulum
3) Pubis → anterior part of acetabulum & anteromedial part of hip bone
Which of the constituent hip bones contributes the cup-like cavity/socket on the superolateral aspects of the hip bone for articulation with the head of the femur?
Ilium
What are 4 components/features of the proximal end of the femur?
1) Head
2) Neck
3) Greater and lesser trochanters
4) Articular cartilage covering head except fovea for ligament of head
How do the cause of pathological lateral rotation and medial of a lower limb differ?
Lateral rotation (foot pointing lateral) → Femoral/Hip fracture
Medial rotation (foot pointing medial) → posterior dislocation of the hip
Which is more common, anterior/posterior dislocation of the hip?
Posterior
The _____________ surface of the neck of the femur is completely intracapsular whereas the only the __________ of the _________ surface is intracapsular.
The anterior surface of the neck of the femur is completely intracapsular whereas the only the medial half of the surface posterior is intracapsular.
Most of the femoral shaft is smoothly rounded, except for ___________________________ which diverges inferiorly.
a prominent double-edge ridge on its posterior aspect: the linea aspera
The distal end of the femur ends in _____________________.
two spirally curved femoral condyles (medial and lateral)
On the femur, the _____________ may be felt at the superior part of the medial femoral condyle.
adductor tubercle, a small prominence of bone
What are the bone components to form the knee joint?
The femoral condyles articulate with the tibial condyles to form the knee joint
What is the function of the angle of inclination of the femur?
Allows greater mobility of the femur at the hip joint because it places the head and neck more perpendicular to the acetabulum.
This is advantageous for bipedal walking; however, it imposes considerable strain on the neck of the femur.
What type of joint is the hip joint?
a strong and stable multiaxial ball and socket joint
The cup-shaped acetabulum is deepened by the ________________ which is made of ______________.
Deepened by acetabular labrum (made up of fibrocartilage)
How would a pes anserine bursitis of the knee be differentiated from OA?
Palpable joint line
→ if tender → intra-articular → OA
→ if not tender → extra-articular → bursitis
What are the 3 points of attachment of the hip joint capsule?
1) Acetabular lumen (medial)
2) Intertrochanteric line
3) Posterior aspect of the neck of the femur (lateral)
What are the 2 layers of the hip joint capsule?
1) Outer longitudinal (retinacular)
2) Inner circular fibres
What are 4 ligaments of the hip and their functions?
1) Ligamentum teres → carrier for the foveal artery
2) Iliofemoral → prevent hyper extension (strongest)
3) Pubofemoral → prevent overabduction of hip joint
4) Ischiofemoral → prevent hyperextension + limit medial rotation
What are 4 factors that contribute to the stability of the hip joint?
1) Depth of acetabulum
2) Three ligaments (iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral)
3) Strength of the surrounding muscles
4) Length and obliquity of the neck of femur
What is the cure for a flat foot?
Strengthening of posterior tibialis
Which muscles are involved in hip flexion?
1) Psoas major
2) Iliacus
3) Sartorius
4) Rectus femoris
5) Pectineus
Which muscles are involved in hip extension?
1) Gluteus maximus
2) Hamstrings