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Human Form > Upper Limb > Flashcards

Upper Limb Flashcards

1
Q

Upper Humerus Features

A
  • Head
  • Anatomical Neck
  • Surgical Neck
  • Greater Tubercle
  • Lesser Tubercle
  • Intertubercular (Bicipital) Groove
  • Shaft
  • Radial Groove
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2
Q

Rhomboid Minor

A
  • O
    • C7 and T1 Spinous Processes
  • I
    • Medial border of scapula at root of spine
  • N
    • Dorsal Scapular Nerve
  • A
    • Retracts scapula
    • Elevates scapula
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3
Q

Rhomboid Major

A
  • O
    • T2-T5 Spines
  • I
    • Medial border of scapula inferior to the spine
  • N
    • Dorsal Scapular Nerve
  • A
    • Retracts scapula
    • Elevates scapula
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4
Q

Scapula Features

A
  • Borders
    • Superior, Lateral, Medial
  • Angles
    • Superior, Inferior, Lateral
  • Acromion
  • Spine
  • Coracoid Process
  • Scapular Notch
  • Glenoid Fossa
  • Subscapular Fossa
  • Supraspinous Fossa
  • Infraspinous Fossa
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5
Q

Rib Features

A
  • True Ribs
    • 1-7
    • Direct attachment via costal cartilage
  • False Ribs
    • 8-10
    • Indirect attachment via costal cartilage
  • Floating Ribs
    • 11, 12
    • No attachment to sternum
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6
Q

Pectoralis Minor

A
  • O
    • Surfaces of ribs 3-5
  • I
    • Coracoid process of scapula
  • N
    • Medial pectoral nerve
  • A
    • Draws scapula anteriorly and inferiorly
    • Assists in raising ribs during inspiration
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7
Q

Levator Scapulae

A
  • O
    • C1-C4 Transverse Processes
  • I
    • Medial border of scapula above spine
    • Superior angle of scapula
  • N
    • Dorsal Scapular Nerve
  • A
    • Elevates medial border of scapula
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8
Q

Trapezius

A
  • O
    • External Occipital Protruberance
    • Superior Nuchal Line
    • Ligamentum Nuchae
    • C7 Spinous Process
    • T1-T12 Spinous Processes
  • I
    • Lateral 1/3 of posterior clavicle
    • Medial border of acromion
    • Scapular spine
  • N
    • Accessory Nerve (Cranial Nerve XI)
  • A
    • Elevates scapula (upper fibres)
    • Depresses scapula (lower fibres)
    • Retracts scapula (middle fibres)
    • Rotates scapula during humeral abduction (middle fibres)
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9
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae Features

A
  • Spinous Process
  • Transverse Processes
  • Vertebral Foramen
  • Vertebral Body
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10
Q

Clavicle Features

A
  • Bulbous sternal end
  • Flattened acromial end
  • Smooth superior surface
  • Rough inferior surface
  • Conoid tubercle
  • Trapezoid line
  • Subclavian sulcus
  • Impression for costoclavicular ligament
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11
Q

Pectoralis Major

A
  • O
    • Medial 1/2 of Clavicle
    • Anterior surface of Sternum
    • Upper 7 Costal Cartilages
    • External Oblique Aponeurosis
  • I
    • Lateral lip of Intertubercular Groove
  • N
    • Medial Pectoral Nerve
    • Lateral Pectoral Nerve
  • A
    • Adduction of arm
    • Flexion of arm
    • Medial rotation of arm
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12
Q

Subclavius

A
  • O
    • Junction of 1st rib and costal cartilage
  • I
    • Subclavian groove of clavicle
  • N
    • Nerve to subclavius
  • A
    • Draws clavicle inferiorly and anteriorly
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13
Q

Sternum Features

A
  • Manubrium
    • Jugular Notch
    • Clavicular Notches
    • Sternal Angle/Angle of Louis
  • Body
    • Costal Notches
  • Xiphoid Process
    • Xiphisternal Joint
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14
Q

Latissimus Dorsi

A
  • O
    • T7-T12, L1-L5, Spinous Processes
    • Posterior 1/3 of Iliac Crest
    • Inferior 9th-12th Ribs
  • I
    • Floor of Intertubercular Groove
  • N
    • Thoracodorsal Nerve
  • A
    • Extends arm
    • Adducts arm
    • Medially rotates arm
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15
Q

Serratus Anterior

A
  • O
    • External lateral surface of ribs 1-8
  • I
    • Anterior surface of medial border of scapula
  • N
    • Long Thoracic Nerve
  • A
    • Fixes scapula against thoracic wall
    • Assists in lateral rotation of scapula
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16
Q

Joint Capsule

A
  • Articular Hyaline Cartilage
    • Smooth and glassy for friction-free movements
  • Articular Cavity
    • Filled with synovial fluid
  • Synovial Membrane
    • Attaches at margin of joint surfaces
    • Produces synovial fluid
    • May have bursae
  • Fibrous Membrane
    • Surrounds and stabilizes joint
    • Parts may thicken to form ligaments
  • Articular Disks
  • Fat Pads
  • Ligaments
    • Bone to bone
  • Tendons
    • Muscle to bone
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17
Q

Joint Shapes

A
  • Plane
    • Bones slide over each other
    • AC joint
  • Hinge
    • Flexion/extension
    • Elbow
  • Ball and Socket
    • widest ROM
    • shoulder
  • Saddle
    • Convex/concave articulating surfaces
    • Flexion/extension and abduction/adduction
    • Medicarpal 1 and trapezium at thumb
  • Pivot
    • Bone rotates around central axis
    • Radius rotating on ulna
  • Ellipsoid/Condyloid
    • 2 curved bones fit together
    • Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction
    • Wrist
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18
Q

Sternoclavicular Joint

A
  • Articulating Surfaces
    • Manubrium
    • Clavicle
    • 1st costal cartilage
  • Characteristics
    • Saddle
    • Very strong and stable
    • High degree of mobility
    • Dislocation is rare
    • Articular Disk
      • Allows sternum and clavicle to slide over each other
  • Ligaments
    • Anterior SC Ligament
    • Posterior SC Ligament
    • Interclavicular Ligament
      • Limits shoulder depression
    • Costoclavicular Ligament
      • Limits shoulder elevation
  • Blood Supply
    • Internal Thoracic Artery
    • Suprascapular Artery
  • Innervation
    • Branches from nerve to subclavius
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19
Q

Acriomioclavicular Joint

A
  • Articulating Surfaces
    • Acriomion
    • Clavicle
  • Plane Joint
    • Gliding and rotation of scapula on clavicle
  • Ligaments
    • Articular Capsule
    • Superior AC Ligament
    • Inferior AC Ligament
    • Coracoacromial Ligament
    • Coracoclavicular Ligament
      • Trapezoid Ligament
      • Conoid Ligament
  • Blood Supply
    • Supraclavicular a.
    • Thoracoacromial a.
  • Innervation
    • Branches from lateral pectoral and suprascapular nerves
  • Movements
    • Provides ability to raise arm above head
  • Separation
    • FOOSH
    • Tossy I is minor
    • Tossy II is more severe (ripping)
    • Tossy III is rupture (surgery)
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20
Q

Glenohumeral Joint

A
  • Ball and socket
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Very mobile
  • Not very stable
    • Rotator cuff muscles hold humeral head in glenoid cavity
  • Glenoid Labrum
    • Fibrocartilage rim around glenoid fossa
    • Deepens glenoid cavity
  • Capsule
    • Surrounds joint on all sides
  • Ligaments
    • Coracohumeral
    • Transverse Humeral
    • Coracoacromial
    • Glenohumeral
      • Superior
      • Middle
      • Inferior
  • Synovial Membrane
    • Subtendonous Bursa of Subscapularis
    • Intertubercular Synovial Sheath
  • Subacromial-Subdeltoid Bursae
  • Shoulder Dislocation
    • Weakest anteriorly and posteriorly
    • More muscles posteriorly
  • Painful Arc Syndrome
    • Calcium deposits in subacromial bursa leads to bursitis
    • Pain when arm is abducted 60 – 120 degrees
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21
Q

Supraspinatous

A
  • O
    • Supraspinous Fossa
  • I
    • Superior facet of greater tubercle
  • N
    • Suprascapular nerve
  • A
    • Initiates and assists in arm abduction
    • Stabilizes shoulder
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22
Q

Infraspinatous

A
  • O
    • Infraspinous Fossa
  • I
    • Middle facet of Greater Tubercle
  • N
    • Suprascapular Nerve
  • A
    • Lateral rotation of humerus
    • Stabilizes joint
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23
Q

Teres Minor

A
  • O
    • Middle part of lateral border of scapula
  • I
    • Inferior facet of Greater Tubercle
  • N
    • Axillary Nerve
  • A
    • Lateral rotation of humerus
    • Stabilizes joint
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24
Q

Subscapularis

A
  • O
    • Subscapular Fossa
  • I
    • Lesser Tubercle
  • N
    • Subscapular Nerve
  • A
    • Medial rotation of humerus
    • Stabilizes joint
    • Helps to hold humeral head in glenoid cavity
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25
Q

Teres Major

A
  • O
    • Inferior Angle of Scapula
    • Inferior 1/3 of Lateral Border of Scapula
  • I
    • Medial lip of Intertubercular Groove
  • N
    • Lower Subscapular Nerve
  • A
    • Medial rotation of arm
    • Adduction of arm
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26
Q

Deltoid

A
  • O
    • Anterior
      • Lateral 1/3 of clavicle
    • Middle
      • Acromion
    • Posterior
      • Scapular spine
  • I
    • Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
  • N
    • Axillary Nerve
  • A
    • Anterior
      • Flexion, Medial Rotation
    • Middle
      • Abduction
    • Posterior
      • Extension, Lateral Rotation
  • Other
    • Anterior and posterior responsible for swaying arms while walking
    • Lots of muscle mass protects neuromuscular structures during intramuscular injections
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27
Q

Axillary Boundaries

A
  • Anterior
    • Pectoralis Major, Pectoralis Minor, Subclavius
  • Posterior
    • Subscapularis, Teres Major, Latissimus Dorsi
  • Medial
    • Serratus Anterior, Upper 5 Ribs, Intercostal Spaces
  • Lateral
    • Intertubercular Groove
  • Base
    • Axillary Fascia, Skin
  • Apex
    • Superior Border of Scapula, 1st Rib, Clavicle
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28
Q

Axillary Passageways

A
  • Clavipectoral Triangle
    • Pectoralis Major, Deltoid, Clavicle
    • Pectoral Nerves and Cephalic Vein
  • Quadrangular Space
    • Teres Major, Teres Minor, Triceps, Surgical Neck of Humerus
    • Axillary Nerve, Posterior Circumflex Humeral Arteries
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29
Q

Axilla Contents

A
  • Brachial Plexus Branches
  • Axillary Blood Vessels
  • Axillary Lymph Vessels and Nodes
  • Tendons
    • Biceps Brachii
    • Coracobrachialis
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30
Q

Axillary Artery

A
  • Borders
    • 1st Rib to Pectoralis Minor
    • Posterior to Pectoralis Minor
    • Pectoralis Minor to Teres Major
    • Subclavian a. to Axillary a. to Brachial a.
  • Branches
  • Send The Lord to Say A Prayer
    • 1 branch from 1, 2 branches from 2, 3 branches from 3
    • Superior Thoracic a.
    • Thoracoacromial a.
      • Acromial a.
      • Breast (Pectoral) a.
      • Clavicular a.
      • Deltoid a.
    • Lateral Thoracic a.
    • Subscapular a.
      • Largest
      • Circumflex Scapular a.
      • Thoracodorsal a.
    • Anterior Circumflex Humeral a.
    • Posterior Circumflex Humeral a.
  • Axillary Vein
    • Medial to Axillary a.
  • Axillary Sheath
    • Encloses axillary a., axillary v., brachial plexus
    • Site for local anesthetic
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31
Q

Axillary Lymph Nodes

A
  • Pectoral
  • Subscapular
  • Humeral
  • Central
  • Apical
  • # of nodes varies from person to person
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32
Q

Axilla Clinical Conditions

A
  • Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
    • Compression of blood vessels and/or nerves against clavicle or 1st rib
  • Breast Cancer
    • Lymphogenic spread occurs through nodes
  • Axillary Intertrigo
    • Rash in armpit folds from bacteria due to excessive perspiration
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33
Q

Send The Lord to Say A Prayer

A
  • Superior Thoracic a.
  • Thoracoacromial a.
  • Lateral Thoracic a.
  • Subscapular a.
  • Anterior Circumflex Humeral a.
  • Posterior Circumflex Humeral a.
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34
Q

Brachial Plexus Components

A
  • Roots
    • Anterior Rami of
      • C5
        • Dorsal Scapular n.
        • Long Thoracic n.
          • Susceptible to injury because it’s superficially located
      • C6
        • Long Thoracic n.
      • C7
        • Long Thoracic n.
      • C8
      • T1
  • Trunks
    • Superior
      • Suprascapular n.
        • Travels through Scapular Notch
      • Nerve to Subclavius
    • Middle
    • Inferior
  • Divisions
    • Anterior
    • Posterior
  • Cords
    • Located around axillar a.
    • Lateral
      • Lateral Pectoral n.
    • Posterior
      • Superior Subscapular n.
      • Thoracodorsal n.
      • Inferior Subscapular n.
    • Medial
      • Medial Pectoral n.
      • Medial Cutaneous Nerve of Arm
        • Sensory
      • Medial Cutaneous Nerve of Forearm
        • Sensory
  • Terminal Branches
    • Musculocutaneuos
    • Axillary
    • Median
    • Radial
    • Ulnar
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35
Q

Brachial Plexus Injuries

A
  • 4 Types
    • Avulsion
      • Torn from attachment to spinal cord
      • Impossible to repair
    • Rupture
      • Surgical repair
    • Neuroma
      • Scar tissue
    • Neurapraxia
      • Stretched but not torn
  • Most BP injuries occur at birth
  • Shoulder Dystocia
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36
Q

Erb-Duchenne Palsy

A
  • Waiter’s Tip
  • Tearing of C5, C6 roots
  • Upper plexus injury
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37
Q

Klumpke Palsy

A
  • T1 nerve root tear
  • Claw-like hand
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38
Q

Lower Humerus Features

A
  • Medial Epicondyle
  • Lateral Epicondyle
  • Supracondylar Ridges
  • Trochlea
    • Medial
    • Articulates with ulna
  • Capitulum
    • Lateral
    • Articulates with radius
  • Radial Fossa
  • Coronoid Fossa
  • Olecranon Fossa
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39
Q

Radius Landmarks

A
  • Flat Head
  • Neck
  • Radial Tuberosity
  • Lateral Styloid Process
  • Ulnar Notch
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40
Q

Ulnar Landmarks

A
  • Trochlear Notch
  • Coronoid Process
  • Radial Notch
  • Olecranon
  • Ulnar Tuberosity
  • Head
  • Medial Styloid Process
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41
Q

Biceps Brachii

A
  • O
    • Short Head
      • Coracoid Process of scapula
    • Long Head
      • Supraglenoid Tubercle
  • I
    • Radial Tuberosity
    • Bicipital Aponeurosis
  • N
    • Musculocutaneous n.
  • A
    • Flexes forearm
    • Supinates forearm when elbow is flexed
    • Stabilizes shoulder
42
Q

Brachialis

A
  • O
    • Distal 1/2 of anterior surface of humerus
  • I
    • Coronoid Process
    • Ulnar Tuberosity
  • N
    • Musculocutaneous n.
    • Lateral part is partially innervated by Radial n.
  • A
    • Flexes forearm
43
Q

Coracobrachialis

A
  • O
    • Tip of Coracoid Process
  • I
    • Middle 1/3 of medial surface of humerus
  • N
    • Musculcutaneous n. (pierces)
  • A
    • Flexion
    • Adduction
44
Q

Triceps Brachii

A
  • O
    • Long Head
      • Infraglenoid Tubercle
    • Lateral Head
      • Posterior surface of humerus superior to radial groove
    • Medial Head
      • Posterior surface of humerus inferior to radial groove
  • I
    • Superior surface of olecranon
    • Fascia of forearm
  • N
    • Radial n.
  • A
    • Extends forarm
45
Q

Forearm Cross-Section Features

A
  • Anterior Compartment
    • Flexors
  • Posterior Compartment
    • Extensors
  • Lateral Intermuscular Septum
  • Interosseus Membrane
46
Q

Carpal Bones

A
  • Some Lovers Try Positions That They Cannot Handle
    • Scaphoid
    • Lunate
    • Triquetrum
    • Pisiform
    • Trapezium
    • Trapezoid
    • Capilate
    • Hamate
47
Q

Forearm Anterior Compartment Muscle Groups

A
  • Superficial
    • Common Flexor Origin
      • Pronator Teres
      • Flexor Carpi Radialis
      • Palmaris Longus
      • Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
  • Intermediate
    • Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
  • Deep
    • Flexor Pollicis Longus
    • Flexor Digitorum Profundus
    • Pronator Quadratus
48
Q

Pronator Teres

A
  • O
    • Medial epicondyle of humerus
    • Medial border of coronoid process of ulna
  • I
    • Mid-lateral surface of radial shaft
  • N
    • Median n.
  • A
    • Pronates and flexes forearm
49
Q

Flexor Carpi Radialis

A
  • O
    • Medial epicondyle through common flexor tendon
  • I
    • Bases of metacarpals 2 and 3
  • N
    • Median n.
  • A
    • Flexes and abducts hand at wrist
50
Q

Palmaris Longus

A
  • O
    • Medial epicondyle common flexor tendon
  • I
    • Flexor retinaculum
    • Palmar aponeurosis
  • N
    • Median n.
  • A
    • Accessory flexor of wrist
51
Q

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

A
  • O
    • Common flexor tendon
    • Medial border of olecranon
  • I
    • Pisiform
    • Hook of hamate
    • Bases of metacarpal 5
  • N
    • Ulnar n.
  • A
    • Powerful flexion and adduction of wrist
52
Q

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis

A
  • O
    • Common flexor tendon
    • Coronoid process of ulna
    • Anterior surface of radial shaft
  • I
    • Middle phalanges of digist 2-5
  • N
    • Median n.
  • A
    • Flexes middle phalanges of digits 2-5
    • Flexes proximal phalanges and wrist
53
Q

Flexor Pollicis Longus

A
  • O
    • Medial epicondyle of humerus
    • Anterior surface of radius
  • I
    • Base of distal phalanx of thumb
  • N
    • Median n.
  • A
    • Flexes thumb
54
Q

Flexor Digitorum Profundus

A
  • O
    • Upper 3/4 of anterior shaft of ulna
    • Adjacent interosseous membrane
  • I
    • Base of distal phalanges 2-5
    • Through tendons of Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
  • N
    • Lateral half
      • Median n.
      • Index and middle fingers
    • Medial half
      • Ulnar n.
      • Ring and little fingers
  • A
    • Flexes distal phalanges of digits 2-5
55
Q

Pronator Quadratus

A
  • O
    • Distal 1/4 of anterior surface of ulna
  • I
    • Distal 1/4 of anterior surface or radius
  • N
    • Median n.
  • A
    • Pronates forearm
56
Q

Anconeus

A
  • O
    • Lateral epicondyle of humerus
  • I
    • Lateral side of olecranon
    • Upper 1/4 of posterior surface of ulna
  • N
    • Radial n.
  • A
    • Extends forearm
57
Q

Elbow Joint Capsule

A
  • Doesn’t include radius
  • Fibrous membrane (outer)
  • Fat pads in fossae (middle)
  • Synovial membrane (inner)
    • Sacciform recess
  • Ligaments
    • Radial Collateral Ligament
      • Lateral epicondyle to angular ligament
    • Ulnar Collateral Ligament
      • Medial epicondyle to medial side of cornoid process and olecranon
      • Anterior band
      • Posterior band
      • Oblique band
    • Anular Ligament
  • Bursae
    • Reduce friction
    • Intratendinous Bursa
      • Within triceps brachii tendon
    • Subtendinous Bursa
      • In between olecranon and triceps brachii tendon
    • Subcutaneous Bursa
      • Between skin and triceps brachii tendon
  • Network of Vessels
    • Allows bloodflow through flexion/extension
  • Carrying Angle
    • 5 – 15 degrees
  • Resting Position
    • Midway between pronation and supination so that palm faces trunk
  • Cubital Fossa
58
Q

Cubital Fossa

A
  • Boundaries
    • Superiorly
      • Imaginary line through epicondyles
    • Laterally
      • Medial wall of Brachioradialis
    • Medially
      • Lateral wall of Pronator Teres
    • Roof
      • Deep fascia, skin
    • Floor
      • Brachialis and Supinator muscles
  • Contents
    • Really Need Booze To Be At My Nicest
      • Radial Nerve
      • Biceps Tendon
      • Brachial Artery
      • Median Nerve
      • Lateral to medial
    • Median cubital vein for punctures
59
Q

Elbow Conditions

A
  • Epicondylitis
    • Lateral
      • Tennis Elbow
      • Extensor carpi radialis brevis
    • Medial
      • Golfer’s Elbow
  • Olecranon Fracture
    • Fall on elbow + triceps contraction
  • Medial Epicondyle Avulsion
    • Fall that causes severe abduction of extended elbow
  • UCL Reconstruction
    • Palmaris Longus or Plantaris Tendon
  • Pulled Elbow
    • Radial head subluxation
  • Bursitis
    • Fall on elbow causes inflammation
  • Fat Pad Sign
    • Radial head fracture
    • Fat displaced and exposed
60
Q

Posterior Forearm Superficial Group

A
  • Brachioradialis
  • Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
  • Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
  • Extensor Digitorum
  • Extensor Digiti Minimi
  • Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
  • Anconeus
61
Q

Posterior Forearm Deep Group

A
  • Supinator
  • Abductor Pollicis Longus
  • Extensor Pollicis Brevis
  • Extensor Pollicis Longus
  • Extensor Indicis
62
Q

Brachioradialis

A
  • O
    • Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
  • I
    • Styloid process of radius
  • N
    • Radial n.
  • A
    • Flexes forearm
63
Q

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus

A
  • O
    • Lateral Supracondylar Ridge
  • I
    • Base of Metacarpal 2
  • N
    • Radial n.
  • A
    • Extends and abducts hand at wrist
64
Q

Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis

A
  • O
    • Lateral Epicondyle
    • Common Extensor Origin
  • I
    • Base of Metacarpal 3
  • N
    • Radial n.
  • A
    • Extends and abducts hand at wrist
65
Q

Extensor Digitorum

A
  • O
    • Lateral Epicondyle
    • Common Extensor Expansion
      • Proximal Phalynx
  • I
    • Extensor expansion of digits 2-5
  • N
    • Radial n. (Posterior interosseous n.)
  • A
    • Extends digits 2-5
66
Q

Extensor Digiti Minimi

A
  • O
    • Lateral Epicondyle
    • Common Extensor Tendon
  • I
    • Joins extensor digitorum tendon to 5th digit by inserting into extensor expansion
  • N
    • Radial n. (Posterior Interosseous n.)
  • A
    • Extends little finger
67
Q

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

A
  • O
    • Lateral Epicondyle
    • Common Extensor Tendon
    • Posterior border of ulna
  • I
    • Base of Metacarpal 5
  • N
    • Radial n. (Posterior interosseous n.)
  • A
    • Extends and adducts hand at wrist
68
Q

Supinator

A
  • O
    • Ulnar Head
      • Supinator Crest of Ulna
    • Humeral Head
      • Lateral epicondyle
    • Radial Collateral Ligament
    • Anular Ligament
  • I
    • Lateral surface of upper 1/3 of radius
  • N
    • Radial n. (Posterior interosseous n.)
  • A
    • Supinates forearm
69
Q

Extensor Pollicis Longus

A
  • O
    • Posterior middle 1/3 surface of ulna and interosseous membrane
  • I
    • Base of distal phalanx of thumb
  • N
    • Radial n. (Posterior interosseous n.)
  • A
    • Extends all joints of thumb
    • Medial border of Anatomical Snuffbox
70
Q

Extensor Pollicis Brevis

A
  • O
    • Posterior surface of radius
    • Interosseous membrane
  • I
    • Base of proximal phalanx of thumb
  • N
    • Radial n. (Posterior interosseous n.)
  • A
    • Extends and abducts thumb
    • Lateral border of Anatomical Snuffbox
71
Q

Abductor Pollicis Longus

A
  • O
    • Posterior surface of ulna
    • Middle 1/3 of posterior surface of radius
    • Interosseous membrane
  • I
    • Base of Metacarpal 1
  • N
    • Radial n. (Posterior intersosseous n.)
  • A
    • Abducts and extends thumb
    • Lateral border of Anatomical Snuffbox
72
Q

Extensor Indicis

A
  • O
    • Posterior surface of distal ulna
    • Interosseous membrane
  • I
    • Joins tendon of extensor digitorum to the 2nd digit inserting onto extensor expansion
  • N
    • Radial n. (Posterior interosseous n.)
  • A
    • Extends index finger
73
Q

Extensor Retinaculum

A
  • Fibrous band holding extensor tendons to wrist
  • Lateral border of radius to Triquetrum and Pisiform
  • All extensor tendons surrounded by synovial sheaths under retinaculum
74
Q

Anatomical Snuffbox

A
  • Medial Border
    • Extensor Pollicis Longus tendon
  • Lateral Border
    • Extensor Pollicis Brevis tendon
    • Abductor Pollicis Longus tendon
  • Floor
    • Scaphoid
    • Trapezium
  • Contents
    • Radial a.
75
Q

Distal Radioulnar Joint

A
  • Pivot
  • Synovial
  • Articulation
    • Ulna with ulnar notch of radius
  • Fibrous Articular Disc
    • Shock absorber
    • Ulnar styloid process to ulnar notch of radius
  • Fibrous capsule
  • Ulnar surface is convex
76
Q

Pronation/Supination

A
  • Radius and ulna held together by
    • Anular Ligament
    • Interosseous Membrane
    • Articular Disc at distal radioulnar joint
  • Pronator Muscles
    • Pronator Teres
    • Pronator Quadratus
  • Supinator Muscles
    • Supinator
    • Biceps Brachii
77
Q

Wrist / Radiocarpal Joint

A
  • Ellipsoid
  • Synovial
  • Articulations
    • Distal end of radius
    • Articular Disc at distal end of ulna
    • Scaphoid
    • Lunate
  • Capsule
    • Strengthened by UCL and RCL
  • Movements
    • Flexion and Extension
    • Abduction and Adduction
78
Q

Intercarpal Joints

A
  • Articulations
    • Between proximal row bones
    • Between distal row bones
    • Between bones of both rows
  • Carpal Tunnel
    • Carpal bones form an arch
    • Flexor Retinaculum is anterior border
    • Structures Through
      • Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
      • Flexor Digitorum Profundus
      • Flexor Pollicis Longus
      • Median N.
    • Median N. entrapment
    • Most common nerve compression syndrome
    • Precise cause is unknown
79
Q

Hand Joints

A
  • Carpometacarpal (CM) Joints
    • 5
    • Thumb
      • Saddle between Metacarpal 1 and Trapezium
      • Allows mobility
  • Intermetacarpal (IM) Joints
    • Between metacarpal bones
  • Metacarpophalangeal (MP) Joints
    • Condalyr/Ellipsoid
    • Movements
      • Flexion and Extension
      • Abduction and Adduction
      • Circumduction
    • Ligaments
      • Palmar L.
      • MCL
      • LCL
      • Transverse Metacarpal L.
        • Restricts bone movements relative to each other
  • Interphlangeal (IP) Joints
    • Hinge
    • Flexion and Extension
    • DIP
    • PIP
    • Ligaments
      • MCL
      • LCL
      • Palmaris L.
  • Boxer’s Fracture
    • Metacarpal fracture
    • Usually transverse across metacarpal neck
    • Usually 4th or 5th metacarpal
80
Q

Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand

A
  • Thenar
    • Abductor Pollicis Brevis
    • Flexor Pollicis Brevis
    • Opponens Pollicis
  • Hypothenar
    • Abductor Digiti Minimi
    • Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
    • Opponens Digiti Minimi
  • Adductor Pollicis
  • Palmaris Brevis
  • Lumbricals
  • Dorsal Interossei (4)
  • Palmar Interossei (3)
81
Q

Abductor Pollicis Brevis

A
  • O
    • Trapezium
    • Scaphoid
    • Flexor Retinaculum
  • I
    • Base of proximal phalanx
    • Extensor hood
  • N
    • Median n.
  • A
    • Abduction at MP Joint
82
Q

Flexor Pollicis Brevis

A
  • O
    • Tubercle of Trapezium
    • Flexor Retinaculum
  • I
    • Base of proximal phalanx of thumb
  • N
    • Median n.
  • A
    • Flexes thumb at MP Joint
83
Q

Opponens Pollicis

A
  • O
    • Tubercle of Trapezium
    • Flexor Retinaculum
  • I
    • Lateral border of 1st metacarpal
  • N
    • Median n.
  • A
    • Opposition of thumb
84
Q

Abductor Digiti Minimi

A
  • O
    • Pisiform
    • Tendon of Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
  • I
    • Medial base of proximal phalanx of little finger
  • N
    • Ulnar n.
  • A
    • Abducts little finger
85
Q

Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis

A
  • O
    • Flexor Retinaculum
    • Hook of Hamate
  • I
    • Medial base of proximal phalanx of little finger
  • N
    • Ulnar n.
  • A
    • Flexes proximal phalanx of little finger
86
Q

Opponens Digiti Minimi

A
  • O
    • Flexor Retinaculum
    • Hook of Hamate
  • I
    • Medial border of Metacarpal 5
  • N
    • Ulnar n.
  • A
    • Rotates Metacarpal 5 in opposing little finger to thumb
87
Q

Adductor Pollicis

A
  • O
    • Anterior surfaces of Capitate, Trapezoid, Metacarpals 2 and 3
  • I
    • Medial base of proximal phalanx of thumb
  • N
    • Ulnar n.
  • A
    • Adducts thumb
88
Q

Lumbrical Muscles

A
  • O
    • Tendons of Flexor Digitorum Profundus
  • I
    • Extensor Expansions of digits 2-5
  • N
    • Lateral 2
      • Median n.
    • Medial 2
      • Ulnar n.
  • A
    • Flexes digits 2-5 at MP Joints
    • Extends IP Joints
  • L is Lumbrical
  • Thumb Side
    • 1 lumbrical per digit
  • Little Finger Side
    • 2 lumbricals per digit
89
Q

Dorsal Interossei

A
  • O
    • Adjacent sides of Metacarpals 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5
  • I
    • Extensor Hood
    • Base of proximal phalanges of digits 2-4
  • N
    • Ulnar n.
  • A
    • Abduction
  • DAB
  • 4 in total
90
Q

Palmar Interossei

A
  • O
    • Sides of Metacarpals 2, 4, 5
  • I
    • Extensor hoods of digits 2, 4, 5
  • N
    • Ulnar n.
  • A
    • Adduction
  • PAD
  • 3 in total
91
Q

Palmaris Brevis

A
  • O
    • Palmar Aponeurosis
    • Flexor Retinaculum
  • I
    • Skin on medial margin of hand
  • N
    • Ulnar n.
  • A
    • Improves grip
92
Q

Scapular Region Arteries

A
  • Subscapular a.
    • Circumflex Scapular a.
    • Thoracodorsal a.
      • Lateral border
  • Dorsal Scapular a.
    • Medial border
  • Suprascapular a.
    • Superior border
    • Interconnects with Circumflex Scapular a.
93
Q

Brachial Artery and Extensions

A
  • Starts at Teres Major
  • Terminates just distal to elbow joint
  • Profunda brachii a.
    • Posterior surface of humerus
    • Largest branch
  • Splits into
    • Radial a.
      • Palpated against Flexor Carpi Radialis
      • Blood supply to 1.5 digits
      • Anatomical Snuffbox
    • Ulnar a.
      • Between Flexor Carpi Ulnaris and Flexor Digitorum Profundus
      • Blood supply to 3.5 digits
  • Wrist Loops
    • Superficial Palmar Arch
    • Deep Palmar Arch
    • Dorsal Carpal Arch
  • Allens Test
    • Compress radial and ulnar arteries
    • Tests arterial insufficiencies
  • Volkmann’s Ischaemic Contracture
    • Blocked or severed a. results in atrophied muscles
    • Flexion deformity
94
Q

Venous System

A
  • Superficial Veins
    • Cephalic v.
      • Arises from dorsal venous network of hand
      • Deltopectoral Groove
      • Clavipectoral Triangle
      • Goes to Axillary v.
    • Basilic v.
      • Arises from dorsal venous network of hand
      • Goes to Axillary v.
    • Median Cubital v.
      • Connects Cephalic and Basilic
      • Venipuncture
    • Axillary v.
    • Subclavian v.
    • Accompanied by superficial lymphatic vessels
  • Deep Veins
    • Brachial veins
      • Venae Comitantes
      • Utilize Brachial a. pulsations to pump blood
    • Accompanied by deep lymphatic vessels
95
Q

Musculocutaneous Nerve

A
  • Roots
    • C5-C7
  • Motor
    • Biceps Brachii
    • Brachialis
    • Coracobrachialis
  • Sensory
    • Lateral cutaneous branch of forearm
    • Lateral 1/2 of anterior forearm
    • Lateral portion of posterior forearm
  • Injury
    • Uncommon because it’s well protected
    • Loss of motor and sensory functions
96
Q

Median Nerve

A
  • Roots
    • C5-T1
  • Motor
    • Forearm Flexors
    • Thenar Muscles
  • Sensory
    • Lateral palm
    • Lateral 3.5 digits on palmar hand
  • Injury
    • Elbow or Hand
    • Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
      • Thenar muscle wasting
    • Hand of Benediction
      • Only ring and little fingers can flex completely
97
Q

Ulnar Nerve

A
  • Roots
    • C8, T1
  • Motor
    • Hand Muscles (excluding thenar muscle and lateral 2 lumbricals)
    • Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
    • Medial 1/2 of Flexor Digitorum Profundus
  • Sensory
    • Anterior and posterior surfaces of medial 1.5 digits and palm
  • Injury
    • Elbow or Hand
    • Ulnar Claw
      • Lumbricals of digits 4 and 5 are paralyzed
    • Cyclist’s Palsy
      • Guyon’s Canal compression
98
Q

Radial Nerve

A
  • Roots
    • C5-T1
  • Motor
    • Triceps Brachii
    • Forearm Extensors
  • Sensory
    • Posterior aspect of arm and forearm
    • Posterior and lateral aspects of hand
  • Injury
    • Axilla, Humerus, Radial Groove
    • Wrist Drop
      • Unopposed flexion
    • Saturday Night Palsy / Crutch Palsy
      • Temporary
99
Q

Axillary Nerve

A
  • Roots
    • C5, C6, (Only Superior Trunk)
  • Motor
    • Teres Minor
    • Deltoid
  • Sensory
    • Regimental Badge Area
      • Inferior region of deltoid
  • Injury
    • Surgical Neck Fracture
100
Q

Upper Limb Nerve Areas

A

Human Form (3 decks)

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