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Anatomy > Upper limb 1 > Flashcards

Upper limb 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

Consists of the bone of the head and trunk of a vertebrae; including all the bones that form bony structures along the body’s long axis

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2
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

Portion of the skeleton of vertebrates consisting of bones that support the appendagesThe appendicular skeleton includes the skeletal elements within the limbs (Upper and lower), as well as supporting shoulder, pectoral and the pelvic girdles

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3
Q

What is the main function of the upper limb?

A

Manipulation and grip activities

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4
Q

Which is joint is the only attachment of the upper limb of the axial skeleton?

A

Sternoclavicular joint

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5
Q

What are the ends of the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Sternal end of the clavicle,
Manubrium of the sternum
Part of the 1st costal cartilage

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6
Q

What type of cartilage covers the articular surfaces of the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Fibrocartilage

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7
Q

Which three bones form the pectoral girdle?

A

Humerus, scapula, clavicle

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8
Q

Which structures does the clavicle articulate with medially?

A

Manubrium of the sternum

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9
Q

Which structure does the clavicle articulate with laterally?

A

Acromion

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10
Q

Which bone forms the arm?

A

Humerus

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11
Q

Which joint does the humerus articulate with, at the forearm?

A

Elbow joint

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12
Q

What two main actions are possible at the elbow joint?

A

Extension

Flexion

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13
Q

Which two bones form the forearm?

A

Radius

Ulnar

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14
Q

Which forearm bone is lateral?

A

Radius

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15
Q

Which forearm bone is medial?

A

Ulna

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16
Q

What three bone types form the hand?

A

Carpal bones
Metacarpal
Phalanges

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17
Q

Which bone is the only attachment between the trunk and the upper limb?

A

Clavicle

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18
Q

What are the two ends of the clavicle?

A

Acromial end

Sternal end

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19
Q

What is the sternal end of the clavicle?

A

Larger facet for articulation with the thoracic wall of the trunk at the manubrium of the sternum

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20
Q

Which joint of the scapula articulates with the humerus?

A

Glenohumeral

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21
Q

Which joint does the clavicle articulate with, with the scapula?

A

Acromioclavicular joint

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22
Q

Which two fossa’s form the posterior aspect the scapula?

A

Supraspinous

Infraspinous

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23
Q

How is the supraspinous and the infraspinous fossa’s divided?

A

Divided by the scapular spine

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24
Q

Which scapular structure is continuous with the acromion?

A

Scapular spine

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25
Q

Which fossa does the head of the humerus articulate with?

A

Glenoid fossa

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26
Q

Which structures does the humerus articular with distally?

A

Head of the radius, and the trochlear notch of the ulna

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27
Q

Which tubules are found on the proximal humeral head?

A

Lesser and greater tubercles

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28
Q

What sulcus run between the two tubercles of the humerus?

A

Inter-tubercular sulcus

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29
Q

Where is the greater tubercle located on the humerus?

A

Laterally of the head

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30
Q

Describe the location and surfaces of the greater tubercle of the humerus?

A

Laterally on the humerus, consists of anterior and posterior surfaces,

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31
Q

What is the function of the greater tubercle of the humerus?

A

Provides an attachment site for the three rotator cuff muscles: Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor

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32
Q

Where do the supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor attach too?

A

To the superior middle and inferior facets respectively on the greater tubercle

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33
Q

Where is the lesser tubercle of the humerus located?

A

Located medially at the head of the humerus

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34
Q

Which rotator cuff muscle has an attachment to the lesser tubercle of the humerus?

A

Subscapularis

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35
Q

Which tendon emerges from the shoulder joint and runs through the interturbercular sulcus?

A

Long head of the biceps brachii

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36
Q

What is the purpose of the lateral humerus shaft and the deltoid tuberosity?

A

Provides point of attachment fo the deltoid muscle

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37
Q

What are the distal humeral projections?

A

The medial and lateral epicondyles

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38
Q

Where does the ulna bone reside?

A

Resides medially and parallel to the radius, acts as a stabilising bone, with the radius pivoting to produce movement

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39
Q

What does the ulna articulate with at its proximal end?

A

Articulates with the trochlea of the humerus; enables movement at the elbow joint, the ulna has a specialised structure with bony projections for muscle attachment

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40
Q

What does the distal end of the ulna bone terminate with?

A

The ulnar styloid process. the head articulates with the ulnar notch of the radius, forming the distal-radio ulnar joint

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41
Q

Where does the radius bone reside?

A

lies laterally and parallel to the ulna. Radius pivots around the ulna to produce movement at the proximal end and distal-radio ulnar joints

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42
Q

What is the purpose of the radial tuberosity?

A

Bony projection serves as a place of attachment of the biceps brachii muscle

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43
Q

What forms the elbow joint?

A

Formed by an articulation between the head of the radius, and the capitulum of the humerus

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44
Q

What is the proximal radioulnar joint?

A

Articulation between the radial head and the radial notch of the ulna

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45
Q

What is the wrist joint?

A

Articulation between the distal end of the radius and the carpal bones

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46
Q

What is the distal-radioulnar joint?

A

Articulation between the ulnar notch and the head of the ulnar

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47
Q

What fibrous connective tissue connects the radius and ulna?

A

Interosseous membrane

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48
Q

How many carpal bones are there?

A

Set of eight bones

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49
Q

How many metacarpals exist?

A

1-5

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50
Q

How many phalanges form the digits (2-5)?

A

3

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51
Q

How many phalanges comprise the thumb?

A

2

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52
Q

Describe function of the carpometacarpal joint?

A

Increased flexibility, provides opposition of the thumb to the fingers

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53
Q

What are three bones that form the proximal row of the carpal bone?

A

Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum

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54
Q

Which is a sesamoid bone?

A

Pisiform bone

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55
Q

Which four carpal bones form the distal row?

A

Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate

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56
Q

Which arch is formed by the carpal bone?

A

Carpal tunnel

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57
Q

Which membranous band spans between the medial and lateral arches of the carpal arch?

A

Flexor retinaculum

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58
Q

Where do the metacarpal bones articulate with proximally?

A

Articulate with the carpals

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59
Q

Where do the metarcarpal bones article with distally?

A

Distally with the proximal phalanges

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60
Q

Which muscles attach to the medial and lateral surfaces of the metacarpals?

A

Interossei muscles

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61
Q

What are fibrous joint?

A

Bones connected by fibrous tissue (sutures)

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62
Q

What are sutures?

A

Immovable joints (synarthrosis)

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63
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

Bones connected with cartilage

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64
Q

What are primary joints?

A

Synchondrosis, connected by hyaline cartilage; epiphyseal plates are temporary cartilaginous joints that enables bone growth

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65
Q

What are secondary cartilagunous joints?

A

Symphysis, connected by fibrocartilage, mainly in the midline of the body

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66
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

Articulation surrounded by an enclosing synovial capsule, bones not directly connected at the joint surfaces

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67
Q

What are uniaxial synovial joints?

A

Movement is exclusively in one direction (hinge joint)

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68
Q

What are biaxial synovial joints?

A

Movement in two different planes (saddle joint)

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69
Q

What are multiracial joints?

A

Movement on several axes, ball and socket joint

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70
Q

What type of joint is the thumb?

A

Saddle joint

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71
Q

Describe the mobility of a synarthrosis joint?

A

Minimum-none mobility (Fibrous joints, including sutures).

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72
Q

Describe the mobility of a amphiarthrosis joint?

A

Restricted mobility

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73
Q

Describe the mobility of a diarthrosis joint?

A

Dextrously mobile (Majority of joints, mainly synovial).

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74
Q

Name the 6 types of synovial joints?

A 
Hinge
Saddle
Plane
Pivot
Condyloid
Ball and socket
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75
Q

What are hinge joints?

A

Permits movement in one plane- flexion and extension (Elbow joint, ankle and knee joint).

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76
Q

What are saddle joints?

A

Saddle: Named due to its resemblance to a saddle; characterised by opposing articular surfaces with a reciprocal concave-convex shape (carpometacarpal joint).

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77
Q

What are plane joints?

A

Articular surfaces are relatively flat, enabling the bones to glide over one another (Acromioclavicular and subtalar joint).

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78
Q

What are pivot joints?

A

Enables rotation only. Formed by a central bony pivot, surrounded by a bony ligamentous ring (Proximal and distal radioulnar joints, atlantoaxial joint).

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79
Q

What are condyloid joints?

A

Contains a convex surface which articulates with a concave elliptical cavity. (Wrist joint, metacarpophalangeal joint, metatarsophalangeal joint).

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80
Q

What are ball and socket joints?

A

Ball-shaped surface of one rounded bone fits into the cup-like depression of another; enabling free movement in numerous axes (Hip joint, shoulder joint).

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81
Q

What is the principle of mobility and stability?

A

Principle of mobility and stability: The more moveable a joint is, the more unstable it becomes. The shape of the articulating part of the bones would provide insufficient support and independent stability.

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82
Q

What effect do ligaments have on mobility?

A

Ligaments reduce the possibilities for movement, and is significantly restricted. This prevents unwanted movements that would subsequently destabilise a joint.

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83
Q

What is a retinaculum?

A

Retinaculum is thickened band of deep fascia found close a joint. This band holds tendons down during muscle contraction to prevent bow-stringing, which might compromise function.

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84
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

Flat, sheet resembling structure derived from a tendon or ligament
Aponeuroses provides a broad attachment for a muscle which will distribute mechanical load over a relatively larger area in comparison to a standard tendon
Provides protection for underlying structure

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85
Q

What is a bursa?

A

A bursa is a closed sac of a serous membrane, resembling an interior similar to that of synovial joints. Delicate membranes of bursae secrete a lubricating fluid to their interior. Bursae are found at sites subjected to friction, behaving as a bearing to enable free unrestricted movement; facilitate gliding motion.
Bursitis (inflammation) is extremely painful.

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86
Q

What is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Occurs between the proximal end of the clavicle and the clavicular notch of the manubirum of the sternum

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87
Q

What type of synovial joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Synovial joint and saddle shaped

Articular cavity is separated into two compartments by an articular disc. The sternoclavicular facilitates movement of the clavicle, predominantly in the anteroposterior and vertical planes.

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88
Q

What is the interclavicular ligament?

A

Links the ends of the two clavicles to each other, and to the superior surface of the manubrium of the sternum

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89
Q

What is the costoclavicular ligament?

A

Positioned laterally to the joint and links the proximal end to the first rib and related cartilage

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90
Q

Which muscles elevate the scapulothoracic joint?

A

Superior trapezius
Levator scapulae
Rhomboids

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91
Q

Which muscles depress the scapulothoracic joint?

A

Inferior trapezius
Pectoralis minor
Serratus anterior

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92
Q

Which muscles protract the scapulothoracic joint?

A

Pectoralis minor, and serrates minor

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93
Q

Which muscles retract the scapulothoracic joint?

A

Rhomboids
Middle trapezius
Latissimus dorsi

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94
Q

Which muscles rotate the scapulothoracic joint?

A

Glenoid fossa faces upwards and downwards as scapula rotates

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95
Q

Which muscles flex the glenohumeral joint?

A

Pectoralis major

Anterior deltoid

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96
Q

Which muscle extends the glenohumeral joint?

A

The posterior deltoid

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97
Q

Which muscle abducts the glenohumeral joint?

A

Supraspinatus initially, then the central deltoid

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98
Q

Which muscle adducts the glenohumeral joint?

A

Pectoralis major, lattisimus dorsi

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99
Q

Which muscle is responsible for the internal reaction of the gleno-humeral joint?

A

Subscapularis

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100
Q

Which muscle is responsible for the external rotation of the glenohumeral joint?

A

infraspinatus

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101
Q

How is the glenohumeral joint stabilised?

A

Joint stability is provided by the rotator cuff muscles attached to the greater tubercle of the humerus, the long head of the biceps brachii muscle, and extra capsular ligaments

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102
Q

What cartilage lines the large spherical head of the humerus, and glenoid cavity?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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103
Q

What stabilises the glenoid cavity?

A

Glenoid labrum

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104
Q

What does the ulna articular with at the elbow joint?

A

Trochlea notch of the ulna

Trochlea of the humerus

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105
Q

What does radius articulate with at the elbow joint?

A

Head of radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus

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106
Q

What are the two functions of the elbow joint?

A

Extension and flexion

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107
Q

What functions are provided at the proximal radioulnar joint?

A

Pronation and supination

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108
Q

Which fossa is associated with the capitulum?

A

Radial fossa

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109
Q

Which fossa is associated with the ulnar?

A

Coronoid fossa

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110
Q

Which fossa is evident when fully extended?

A

Olecranon fossa

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111
Q

Which carpal bones articulate with the distal end of the radius?

A

Proximal row

Scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum bones

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112
Q

What does the distal end of the ulna articular with?

A

Articulates with the articular disc

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113
Q

What type of joint is the radoiocarpal joint?

A

Biaxial

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114
Q

What are inter carpal joints?

A

Articulation between the carpal bones and the proximal & distal rows

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115
Q

What are carpal-metacarpal joints?

A

Articulates between the distal row of the carpal bones and the basis of metacarpals
Synovial plane joints with the exception of the first carpal-metacarpal joint- saddle joint

116
Q

What is the metacarpo-phalangeal joint?

A

The articulations between the metacarpals and phalanges are the metacarpophalangeal joints (Visible in the knuckles)- synovial condylar joints, enabling a wide range of movement (Restricted by ligaments).

117
Q

What are interphalngeal joint?

A

Articulation between the phalanges are the interphalangeal joints. Synovial hinge joints are capable of flexion and extension. Ligaments (collateral) connect phalanges at the lateral and medial sites.

118
Q

What is the action of the Rhomboids?

A

Steadies the scapula, moves inferior angle backward and upward

119
Q

What is the action of the latissimus dorsi?

A

Medial rotation, adduction, extension and respiration

120
Q

What forms the lateral border of the cubital fossa?

A

Brachioradialis

121
Q

What forms the medial border of the cubital fossa?

A

Pronator teres

122
Q

What forms the superior border of the cubital fossa?

A

The line between the humeral epicondyles

123
Q

What forms the floor of the cubital fossa?

A

Brachialis and supinator muscle biceps

124
Q

Where does the brachial artery birfucate?

A

Bifurcates in the cubital fossa into the radial and ulnar arteries

125
Q

Which nerves are found within the floor of the cubital fossa?

A

Median and radial nerve (deep branch)

126
Q

Which veins and nerve form the forearm?

A

Medial cubital vein

Lateral and medial cutaneous nerves of the foream

127
Q

Which fascia is found within the cubital fossa?

A

Superficial fascia

Deep fascia refinanced by bicipital aponeurosis

128
Q

What are the three main muscles of the pectoral girdle?

A

Serrates anterior
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor

129
Q

What is the distal attachment of the pectoralis major?

A

Intertubercular sulcus of the humerus

130
Q

Where does the sternocostal head originate of the pectorals major?

A

Originates from the anterior surface o fat sternum, the superior six costal cartilage s and aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle

131
Q

What is the function of the pectoralis major?

A

Adducts and medially rotates the upper limb, draws the scapula anterioinferiorly

132
Q

Which nerve innervates the pectoralis major?

A

Lateral and medial pectoral nerves (branches of the brachial plexus)

133
Q

Which muscle is situated between the ribs and scapula at the upper and lateral regions of the chest?

A

Serrates anterior

134
Q

What is the origin of the serratus anterior?

A

8-9 ribs

135
Q

Which nerve innervates the serratus anterior?

A

Long thoracic (C5-C7)

136
Q

What is the action of the serratus anterior?

A

Protracts scapula, upwards rotation (glenoid cavity moves superior); holds scapula close the thoracic wall; elevates ribs when scapula is fixed

137
Q

What is the superficial muscle residing around the glenohumeral joint?

A

Deltoid muscles

138
Q

What are the three deltoids?

A

Anterior, middle, posterior

139
Q

What is the origin of the anterior deltoid?

A

Lateral third of the clavicle

140
Q

Where does the anterior deltoid insert?

A

Deltoid tuberosity, on the later side of the body of the humerus

141
Q

Which nerve innervates the deltoid?

A

Axillary nerve

142
Q

What is the action of the anterior deltoid?

A

Flexion

Medial rotation of the humerus

143
Q

What is the origin for the middle deltoid?

A

Acromion

144
Q

Where does the middle deltoid insert?

A

Deltoid tuberosity of the lateral side of the body of humerus

145
Q

What is the action for the middle deltoid?

A

Abduction of the humerus

146
Q

Where does the posterior deltoid originate from?

A

Scapular spine

147
Q

Where does the posterior deltoid insert?

A

Deltoid tuberosity of the lateral side of the humerus

148
Q

What is the action of the posterior deltoid?

A

Extension and lateral rotation of the humerus

149
Q

Where does the Teres major originate from?

A

From the posterior surface of the inferior angle of the scapula

150
Q

Where does the teres major insert?

A

Intertubercular groove of the humerus

151
Q

What is the action of the teres major?

A

Extension, adduction and medial rotation of the humerus

152
Q

What are the four rotator cuff muscles?

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis

153
Q

What is the main function the rotator cuff muscles?

A

Attach to the humeral head, collectively, the rating tone of these muscles acts to pull the humeral head into the glenoid fossa = additional stability of the glenohumeral joint

154
Q

What is the origin for the supraspinatus?

A

Supraspinatus fossa

155
Q

Where does the supraspinatus muscle insert?

A

Greater tubercle of the humerus

156
Q

Which nerve innervates the supraspinatus?

A

Suprascapular nerve

157
Q

What is the action of the supraspinatus?

A

Assist deltoid in abducting the arm, stabilises the glenohumeral joint

158
Q

What is the origin of the infraspinatus?

A

Infraspinatus fossa on posterior surface of the scapula

159
Q

Where does the infraspinatus insert?

A

Greater tubercle of the humerus

160
Q

What is the action of the infraspinatus muscle?

A

Laterally rotates the upper limb, stabilises the glenohumeral joint

161
Q

What is the origin of the teres minor?

A

Lateral border of the scapula

162
Q

Where does the teres minor insert?

A

Greater tuberosity of the humerus

163
Q

Which nerve innervates the teres minor?

A

Axillary nerve

164
Q

What is the action of the teres minor?

A

Lateral rotation of the humerus, stabilisation of the shoulder joint

165
Q

What is the origin of the subscapularis?

A

Originates from the subscapular fossa

166
Q

What is the insertion of the subscapularis?

A

Lesser tubercle of the humerus

167
Q

Which rotator cuff muscle has an insertion of the lesser tubercle of the humerus?

A

Subscapularis

168
Q

What is the action of the subscapularis?

A

Medial rotation of the head of the humerus; prevents anterior displacement of the humerus.

169
Q

Where does the bicep tendon enter there forearm?

A

The bicipital aponeurosis , roof of the cubital fossa

170
Q

Which artery supplies the biceps?

A

Brachial artery

171
Q

What is the origin of the long head of the biceps brachii?

A

Supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula

172
Q

Where does the long head of the biceps brachii insert?

A

Radial tuberosity & bicipital aponeurosis

173
Q

Which nerve innervates the biceps?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

174
Q

What is the function of the biceps?

A

Supination and flexion of the arm, at shoulder and elbow

175
Q

Where does the short head of the biceps brachii originate from?

A

Coracoid process of the scapula

176
Q

Where does the short head insert?

A

Radial tuberosity

177
Q

What is the brachialis muscle?

A

Flexor muscle of the elbow joint, resides within the anterior aspect of the elbow, low half of the humerus. The muscle lies deep to the biceps brachii, and is found distally to the humerus, forms floor of the cubital fossa

178
Q

Where does the brachialis originate from?

A

Medial and lateral surface of the humeral shaft

179
Q

Where does the brachialis muscle insert into?

A

Ulnar tuberosity and anterior surface of the coronoid process

180
Q

What is the function of the brachialis?

A

Flexes forearm at the elbow

181
Q

Which nerve innervates the brachilias?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

Branch from the radial nerve

182
Q

What is the origin of the coracobrachialis?

A

Coracoid process of the scapula muscle passes through the axilla

183
Q

What is the insertion of the coracobrachialis?

A

Medial surface and border of the body of humerus, at the level of the deltoid tubercle

184
Q

What is the action of the coracobrachialis?

A

Adduction and flexion of humerus; assist with retaining the head of the bone in contact with the glenoid cavity.

185
Q

Which nerve innervates the coracobrachialis?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

186
Q

What are the triceps?

A

Posterior compartment of the upper arm consists of the triceps brachii muscle (3 heads); the medial head resides deeper than the long and lateral heads. The triceps is situated on the back of the arm, and extends the entire length of the dorsal humerus surface.

187
Q

What is the function of the triceps?

A

Extends the forearm at the elbow joint

188
Q

Where do the triceps insert?

A

Olecranon of the ulna

189
Q

Which nerve innervates the triceps?

A

Radial nerve

190
Q

Where does the flexor carpi ulnas originate?

A

Medial epicondyle of the humerus, and the olecranon of the ulna

191
Q

What is the insertion of the flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

Pisiform bone

Hook of hamate, base of metacarpal 5

192
Q

What is the main function of the flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

Flexes, adducts the hand (Ulnar deviation)

193
Q

Which nerve innervates the flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

Ulnar nerve

194
Q

Where does the palmaris tongue originate from?

A

Medial epicondyle of the humerus

195
Q

Where does the palmaris longs insert?

A

Palmar aponeurosis and flexor retinaculum

196
Q

What is the action of the palmaris longus?

A

Flexes hand at risk, tenses flexor retinaculum

197
Q

Which nerve innervates the palmaris longus?

A

Median nerve

198
Q

Where does the flexor carpi radialis originate from?

A

Medial epicondyle of the humerus

199
Q

What is the insertion of the flexor carpi radialis?

A

Base of the 2nd metacarpal and base of the 3rd metacarpal

200
Q

Which nerve innervates the flexor carpi radialis?

A

Median nerve

201
Q

What is the action of the flexor carpi radialis?

A

Flexion and abduction (radial) of the hand

202
Q

Where does the pronator teres originate from?

A

Medial epicondyle of humerus; and coronoid process of the ulna

203
Q

What is the insertion of the pronator teres?

A

Attaches laterally to the mid shaft of the radius

204
Q

What is the action of the pronator teres?

A

Pronation of the forearm

205
Q

Which nerve innervates the pronator teres?

A

Median nerve

206
Q

Where does the flexor digitorum superficialis originate from?

A

Two heads; medial epicondyle of the humerus, and coronoid process, radial head

207
Q

Where does the flexor digitorum superficialis insert?

A

Middle phalanx of digits 2-5

208
Q

Which nerve innervates the flexor digtitorum superficialis?

A

Median nerve

209
Q

What action is performed by the flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

Flexes wrist, flexes middle and proximal phalanges of digits (2-5)

210
Q

Where does the Flexor digitorum profundus originate from?

A

From the ulna, and proximal thee fourths of the anterior & medial surfaces of the ulna and the interosseous membrane

211
Q

Where does the Flexor digitorum profundus insert?

A

Base of the palmar surface of the distal phalanges (2-5)

212
Q

Which nerve innervates the Flexor digitorum profundus?

A

Interosseous branch of the median and ulnar nerves

213
Q

What is the action of the Flexor digitorum profundus?

A

Flexes wrist, flexes distal phalanx of digits 2-5

214
Q

Where does the flexor pollicis longus originate from?

A

Anterior surface of radius and interosseus membrane

215
Q

Where does the flexor pollicis longus insert?

A

Base of the distal phalanx of the thumb

216
Q

Which nerve innervates the flexor pollicis longus?

A

Median nerve

217
Q

What is the action of the flexor pollicis longus?

A

Flexes distal phalanx of the thumb

218
Q

Where does the pronator quadratus originate from?

A

Distal fourth of the anterior surface of the ulna

219
Q

Where does the pronator quadratus insert?

A

Distal fourth of the anterior surface of the radius

220
Q

Which nerve innervates the pronator quadratus?

A

Median nerve

221
Q

What is the action of the pronator quadratus?

A

Pronates hand

222
Q

Which nerve innervates the hypothenar eminence?

A

Ulnar nerve

223
Q

Which muscles comprise the hypothenar eminence?

A

Opponens digit minimi
Abductor Digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi brevis

224
Q

Which hypothenar muscle lies deep?

A

Opponens digiti minimi

225
Q

What is the action of the opponens digiti minimi?

A

Rotates the metacarpal of the little finger towards the palm , producing opposition

226
Q

Where does the opponens digiti minimi originate from?

A

From the hook of hamate and associated flexor retinaculumz

227
Q

Where does the opponens digiti minimi insert into?

A

Medial margin of metacarpal V

228
Q

Which hypothenar muscle is superficial?

A

Abductor Digit minimi

229
Q

What is the action of the abductor digiti minimi?

A

Abducts the little finger

230
Q

What is the origin of the abductor digiti minimi?

A

Pisiform and tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris

231
Q

Where does the abductor digiti minimi insert?

A

Base of the proximal phalanx of the little finger

232
Q

Which muscle resides literally to the abductor digit mimi?

A

Flexor digiti minimi brevis

233
Q

Where does the flexor digiti minimi brevis originate from?

A

Hook of hamate and adjacent flexor retinaculum

234
Q

Where does the flexor digiti minimi brevis insert?

A

Inserting into the base of the proximal phalanx of the little finger

235
Q

What is the action of the flexor digiti minimi brevis?

A

Flexes the MCP joint of the little finger

236
Q

Which three muscles comprise the thenar eminence?

A

Opponens pollicis
Abducotr pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis

237
Q

Which nerve innervates the thenar muscles?

A

Median nerve

238
Q

Which thenar muscle is the largest?

A

Opponens Pollicis:

239
Q

Which thenar muscle resides deep?

A

Opponens Pollicis:

240
Q

What is the action of the Opponens Pollicis?

A

Opposes the thumb, by medially rotating and flexing the metacarpal of the trapezium

241
Q

Where does the Opponens Pollicis originate from?

A

From the tubercle of the trapezium, and associated flexor retinaculum

242
Q

Where does the Opponens Pollicis insert?

A

Lateral margin of the first metacarpal

243
Q

Which thenar muscle resides anteriorly to the opponens pollicis?

A

Abductor Pollicis Brevis:

244
Q

Where does the Abductor Pollicis Brevis originates from?

A

Originates from the tubercle of the scaphoid and trapezium and the associated flexor retinaculum

245
Q

Where does the Abductor Pollicis Brevis insert?

A

Lateral side of the proximal phalanx of the thumb

246
Q

What is the action of the Abductor Pollicis Brevis?

A

Abducts the thumb

247
Q

Which muscle is the. most distal?

A

Flexor Pollicis Brevis:

248
Q

Where does the Flexor Pollicis Brevis originate?

A

Originates from the tubercle of the trapezium and from the associated flexor retinaculum

249
Q

Where does the Flexor Pollicis Brevis insert?

A

Base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb

250
Q

What is the action of the Flexor Pollicis Brevis?

A

Flexes the MCP joint of the thumb

251
Q

What is the total number of lumbricals?

A

4

252
Q

Denervation of the lumbricals leads to which two pathologies?

A

Ulnar claw

Hand of benediction

253
Q

Where do the lumbricals attach too?

A

Traverses dorsally and laterally around each phalanx , inserting into each extensor hood

254
Q

Where do the lumbricals attach originate?

A

Originates from a tendon of the flexor digitorum profundus

255
Q

Which nerve innervates the lateral two lumbricals?

A

Median nerve

256
Q

Which nerve innervates the medial two lumbricals?

A

Ulnar nerve

257
Q

What interossei abduct the fingers?

A

Dorsal interossei

258
Q

Which interossei adducts?

A

Palmar interossei

259
Q

Which nerve innervates the interossei muscles?

A

Ulnar nerve

260
Q

What are the functions of the interossei muscles?

A

In addition to their actions of abduction (Dorsal interossei) and adduction (Palmar interossei) of the fingers, the interossei further assist the lumbricals in flexion at the MCP joints, and extension at the IP joints.

261
Q

Where do the dorsal interossei muscle originate from?

A

Each interossei originates from the lateral and medial surfaces of the metacarpals

262
Q

Where do the dorsal interossei muscles insert?

A

Attach into the extensor hood and proximal phalanx of each finger

263
Q

What is the main action of the dorsal interossei muscles?

A

Abduct the fingers at the MCP joint.

264
Q

What is the main action of the palmar interossei muscles?

A

Adducts the fingers at the MCP joint.

265
Q

What forms the medial base of the carpal arch?

A

Medially by the pisiform and the hook of hamate

266
Q

What is the carpal tunnel?

A

The carpal tunnel resides on the anterior portion of the wrist, providing the entrance to the palm for multiple tendons (9), and the median nerve. (Surrounds the synovial sheaths)

267
Q

Which nerve passes through the carpal tunnel?

A

Median nerve

268
Q

What is the flexor retinaculum?

A

Thick connective tissue which forms the roof of the carpal tunnels -> Converts the carpal arch into the carpal tunnel by bridging the space between the medial and lateral regions of the arch

269
Q

What is the function of the flexor retinaculum?

A

Holds the tendons to the bony plane at the first; preventing bowing.
Free movement of tendons is facilitated by the associated synovial sheaths encapsulating the tendons

270
Q

Which tendon is separated by a single synovial sheath?

A

Flexor pollicis longus

271
Q

Which 8 tendons are surrounded by the same synovial sheath?

A

Flexor digitorum profundus

Flexor digitorum superficialis

272
Q

Which artery passes into the hand anterior to the flexor retinaculum?

A

Ulnar artery

273
Q

What is carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Carpal tunnel syndrome: Entrapment syndrome caused by pressure on the median nerve

274
Q

What is the palmar aponeurosis?

A

The palmar aponeurosis is a triangular condensation of deep fascia that covers the palm, anchored to the skin in the distal regions. The apex of the triangle is continuous with the palmaris longus tendon  Fibres radiate to extensions at the bases of the digits that project into each of the index, middle, ring and little fingers.
Vessels, nerves, and long flexor tendons reside deep to the palmar aponeurosis in the palm.

275
Q

What is the palmaris brevis?

A

Small intrinsic muscle of the hand, quadrangular shaped subcutaneous muscle overlying the hypothenar muscles, ulnar artery and superficial branch of the ulnar nerves at the medial side of the palm

276
Q

What forms the lateral border of the anatomical snuffbox?

A

Tendons of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor polices brevis

277
Q

What forms the medial border of the anatomical snuffbox?

A

Tendon of the extensor pollicis longus

278
Q

What forms the floor of the anatomical snuffbox?

A

Impression if formed by the scaphoid and trapezium. Distal ends of the tendons of the extensor carpi radialis longus, and extensor carpi radialis brevis.

279
Q

What is the anatomical snuffbox?

A

The anatomical snuff box is a term given to the triangular depression formed on the posterolateral side of the wrist, and metacarpal I, by the extensor tendons passing into the thumb.
The base of the wrist and the apex is directed into the thumb. The impression is more apparent when the thumb is extended.

280
Q

What forms the posterior compartment of muscles?

A 
Extensor  muscles
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis 
Extensor digitorum digit minimi
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Aceonaeus
281
Q

What is the common attachment for the extensor compartment?

A

Lateral epicondyle of the humerus

282
Q

What are the deep extensor muscles?

A

Supinator, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus, extensor indicis.

283
Q

What is the action of the extensor carpi radalis?

A

Extension and abduction of the wrist

284
Q

Which nerve innervates the majority of extensor muscles?

A

Radial nerve

285
Q

What is the action of the extensor carpi ulnaris?

A

Extension and adduction of the wrist

Anatomy (5 decks)

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