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Anatomy > HNS 1,2,3 > Flashcards

HNS 1,2,3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 main anterior bones of the skull?

A 
Frontal
Nasal 
Lacrimal
Maxilla
Zygomatic
Mandible
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2
Q

Which bone is the infraorbital foramen located?

A

Maxillary bone

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3
Q

Which bone is the supraorbital foramen located?

A

Frontal bone

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4
Q

Where are the mental foramen located?

A

Mandible

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5
Q

Which are the four main bones on the lateral view of the skull?

A 
Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Sphenoid bone, greater wing
Temporal bone 
Occipital bone
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6
Q

Which part of the skull is the weakest?

A

Pterion

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7
Q

Which bones form the pterion?

A

Point where the greater sphenoid wing, temporal, parietal and frontal bones meet

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8
Q

Which types of bleeds are associated with damage to the pterion?

A

Intracranial bleeds

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9
Q

Which midline suture do the paired parietal bone articulate with?

A

Sagittal suture

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10
Q

Which suture do the parietal bones articulate with, with the occipital bone?

A

Lambdoid suture

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11
Q

What is the junction between the sagittal and coronal suture?

A

Bregma

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12
Q

What is the junction between the sagittal and lambdoid suture?

A

Lambda

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13
Q

Which is the main foramen that can be seen on the inferior aspect of the skull?

A

Foramen magnum

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14
Q

Which suture does the unpaired frontal bone pair up with the parietal bones?

A

Coronal suture

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15
Q

What is the large membranous and unossified structure between the bones of the skull found in infants?

A

Anterior fontanelles

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16
Q

What is the main focus of the fontanelles?

A

Head to deform during its passage through the birth canal, and postnatal growth.

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17
Q

What are the four main parts of the temporal bone?

A

Squamous part
Zygomatic process
Tympanic part
Petromastoid part

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18
Q

Which part of the temporal bone has a flat plate appearance and forms the superior regions of the temporal bone?

A

Squamous part

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19
Q

Which bone articulate with the squamous part of the temporal bone?

A

Greater wing of the sphenoid

Parietal bone at the squamous suture

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20
Q

Which suture does the sphenoid bone articulate with the squamous part of the temporal bone?

A

Sphenosquamous suture

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21
Q

Which bone does the zygomatic process anteriorly articulate with?

A

Zygomatic bone

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22
Q

Which part of the temporal bone forms part of the surface of the external acoustic opening?

A

Tympanic part

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23
Q

Which bone does the temporal bone articulate with posteriorly?

A

Occipital bone

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24
Q

Which bone forms forehead?

A

Frontal bone

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25
Q

What does the frontal bone form anteriorly?

A

Forehead, and the superior part of the rim of each orbit

Superior to the rim of the orbit on each side are the raised superciliary arches

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26
Q

What is the Glabella?

A

Depression within the raised superciliary arches

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27
Q

Which foramen are located on the superior rim of the orbit?

A

Supraorbital foramen

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28
Q

What is the lateral process of the frontal bone?

A

Zygomatic process

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29
Q

Which midline anterior bone is in the midline, rests on the sphenoid none and forms the nasal septum?

A

Vomer bone

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30
Q

What are the two wings of the sphenoid bone?

A

Greater sphenoid wing

Lesser sphenoid wing

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31
Q

Which bones do the body of the sphenoid bone articular with?

A

Ethmoid, vomer and palatine bone

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32
Q

What are two crania foramina found on the greater wing of the sphenoid bone?

A

Foramen ovale

Foramen spinosum

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33
Q

What are the three parts of the maxilla?

A

Body of maxilla
Zygomatic process
Alveolar process

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34
Q

What is included within the alveolar process of the maxilla?

A

Contains teeth, forms upper jaw

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35
Q

What are the three cranial fossa?

A

Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa

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36
Q

Which four bones form the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid bones

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37
Q

Which parts of the brain are found within the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Frontal lobes

Cerebral hemispheres

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38
Q

Which two bones form the middle cranial fossa?

A

Sphenoid and temporal bone

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39
Q

Which lobe of the cerebrum resides within the middle cranial fossa?

A

Temporal bone

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40
Q

Which structures are found within the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Cerebellum and brainstem

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41
Q

What structures form the brainstem?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

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42
Q

Which bones form the floor of the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Occipital bone

Temporal bone

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43
Q

Which bone does pituitary gland reside within?

A

Sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

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44
Q

Which sinus is lateral to the sell turcica?

A

Cavenous sinus

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45
Q

Which bone contains the olfactory nerve bundles?

A

Foramina of the cribriform plate (within the ethmoid bone)

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46
Q

Which nerve bundles is associated with the cribriform plate?

A

Olfactory nerve bundles

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47
Q

Which foramen is the optic nerve associated with?

A

Optic chasm

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48
Q

Which structures are associated with the optic canal?

A

Ophthalmic artery

Optic nerve

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49
Q

Which structures pass through the superior orbital fissure?

A 
Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Ophthalmic nerve
Abducens nerve 
Superior orbital vein
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50
Q

Which four cranial nerves pass through he superior orbital fissure?

A

Oculomotor nerve CN3
Trochlear nerve CN4
Abducens nerve CN6
ophthalmic nerve CNV1

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51
Q

Which foramen does the abducens nerve pass through?

A

Superior orbital fissure

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52
Q

Which foramen does the trochlear nerve pass through?

A

Superior orbital fissure

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53
Q

Which foramen does the maxillary nerve pass through?

A

Foramen rotundum

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54
Q

Which structure passes through the foramen rotundum?

A

Maxillary nerve (CNV2)

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55
Q

Which foramen is associated with the mandibular nerve?

A

Foramen ovale

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56
Q

Which artery and nerve passes through the foramen Ovale?

A 
Mandibular nerve (CNV3)
Accessory meningeal artery
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57
Q

Which foramen is characterised by its minute hole?

A

Foramen spinosum

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58
Q

Which foramen does the middle meningeal artery pass through?

A

Foramen spinosum

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59
Q

Which nerve passes through the foramen laecrum?

A

Greater petrosal nerve

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60
Q

Which foramen does the internal carotid artery pass through?

A

Carotid canal

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61
Q

Which two cranial nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus?

A 
Facial nerve (cn 7)
Vesibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
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62
Q

Which foramen does the facial nerve pass through?

A

Internal acoustic meatus

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63
Q

Which foramen does the vestibulocochlear nerve pass through?

A

Internal acoustic meatus

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64
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the jugular foramen?

A

9, 10,II
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Vagus nerve
Accessory nerve

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65
Q

Which meningeal artery passes through the jugular foramen?

A

Posterior meningeal artery

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66
Q

Which foramen does the vagus nerve pass through?

A

Jugular foramen

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67
Q

Which foramen does the glossopharyngeal nerve pass through?

A

Jugular foramen

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68
Q

Which foramen does the accessory nerve pass through?

A

Jugular foramen

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69
Q

Which foramen does the hypoglossal nerve pass through?

A

Hypoglossal canal

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70
Q

What are the 3 meningeal layers?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater

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71
Q

Where does the sub-arachnoid space reside?

A

Between the arachnoid and Pia mater

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72
Q

Which two layers form the dura mater?

A

Perisoteal layer

Meningeal layer

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73
Q

Which meningeal space is located the CSF located within?

A

Subarachnoid space

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74
Q

Which layer is closely adherent to the brain?

A

The Pia mater

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75
Q

Which structure forms the CSF?

A

Choroid plexus

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76
Q

Which dura layer is adherent to the inner surface of the bone?

A

Periosteum

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77
Q

Which sinus forms. between the periosteal and meningeal layer of the dura mater?

A

Superior sagittal sinus

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78
Q

Which structures is formed from the fold and union of the two two dura mater layers?

A

Falx Cerebri

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79
Q

Upon CSF drainage with layer is collapsed onto the surface of the brain?

A

Arachnoid layer

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80
Q

What is the falx cerebri?

A

Falx cerebri is a crescent shaped downward projections of meningeal dura mater from the dura lining the calva that passes between the two cerebral hemispheres towards the corpus callosum.

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81
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

Horizontal projections of meningeal dura mater that covers and separates the cerebellum in the posterior cranial fossa from the posterior regions from the posterior parts of the cerebral hemispheres.

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82
Q

What is the falx cerebelli?

A

Midline projections of meningeal dura mater in the posterior cranial fossa; attached posteriorly to the internal occipital crest of the occipital bone, and superiorly to the tentorium cerebelli.

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83
Q

What is the extra-dural space?

A

Extradural space is generated within the vertebral columns, the relationship of dura, the spinal dura mater is adherent to the foramen magnum, whereas the periosteal mater lines the vertebrae, this separation produces the extradural space  Epidural anaesthesia is injected within this space.

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84
Q

Which arteries supply the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Anterior meningeal arteries

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85
Q

Which arteries supply the middle cranial fossa?

A

The middle meningeal artery, enters through the foramen spinosum

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86
Q

Which two branches arise from the middle meningeal artery?

A

Anterior and posterior branch

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87
Q

Which artery resides deep to the pterion?

A

Anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery

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88
Q

Which artery supplies the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Posterior meningeal artery

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89
Q

Which 2 main artery systems form the circle of Willis?

A

Internal carotid arteyres

Vertebral arteries

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90
Q

Which artery forms upon the union of the two vertebral arteries?

A

Basilar artery

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91
Q

Which artery birfucates to form the two posterior cerebral arteries?

A

Basilar artery

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92
Q

Which arteries arise from the internal carotid arteries?

A

Ophthalmic artery
Posterior communicating artery
Middle cerebral artery
Anterior cerebral artery

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93
Q

What is the role of the anterior communicating artery?

A

Connects the left and right anterior cerebral arteries to each other

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94
Q

What is the role of the two posterior communicating arteries?

A

Connects the internal carotid artery with the posterior cerebral artery

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95
Q

Which artery is deep to the pterion?

A

Middle meningeal artery

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96
Q

Which haemorrhage occurs due to pterion and middle meningeal artery damage?

A

Epidural bleed

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97
Q

What is the effect of the haemtoma on intracranial pressure?

A

Increases intracranial pressure

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98
Q

What is a subdural bleed?

A

Deep to the dura

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99
Q

Which artery provides impressions on the cranial cavity?

A

Middle meningeal artery

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100
Q

What are the five layers that form the scalp?

A 
Skin
Connective
Aponeurotic layer
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium
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101
Q

What are the 8 branches of the external carotid artery?

A 
Superior thyroid artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Lingual artery
Facial artery
Occipital artery
Posterior auricular artery
Maxillary artery 
Superficial temporal artery
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102
Q

Which carotid artery supplies the face?

A

External carotid artery

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103
Q

Which carotid artery supplies the cranial cavity?

A

Internal carotid artery

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104
Q

Which artery provides afferent information regarding vision?

A

Optic nerve

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105
Q

What are the three main functions of the neck?

A

Structural: Supports and moves the head
Visceral: Contains the trachea, and oesophagus
Conduit for blood vessels and nerves

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106
Q

What are the three main compartments within the neck?

A

Visceral compartment
Vertebral compartment
Vascular compartment

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107
Q

Which structures reside within the visceral compartments?

A

Oesophagus, trachea, pharynx, thyroid gland

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108
Q

Which structures reside within the vertebral compartment?

A

Posterior, contains the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, cervical nerves, and muscles associated with the vertebral column.

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109
Q

Which structures reside within the vascular compartment?

A

Bilateral, contains carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and the vagus nerve [X].

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110
Q

Which fascia surrounds al the structures in the neck, enclosing the trapezius, sternocleidomastoid and infra hyoid muscles?

A

Investing layer

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111
Q

Which fascial layer is the most superficial within the neck?

A

Platysma

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112
Q

Which nerve innervates the platysma?

A

Facial nerve

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113
Q

What does the prevertebral layer enclose?

A

Surrounds the vertebral column, and deep muscles associated with the back (Scalene muscles)

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114
Q

What does the pretracheal layer enclose?

A

Encloses the viscera of the neck, and the carotid sheaths surround the neurovascular bundles

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115
Q

What is fascia?

A

Fascia is connective tissue predominantly consisting of collagen fibres deep to the skin, attaches, stabilises, encloses and separate muscles and other internal organs.

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116
Q

What are the two main triangles within the neck?

A

Anterior triangle

Posterior triangle

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117
Q

What forms the superior boundary of the anterior triangle?

A

Inferior margin of the mandible

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118
Q

What forms the posterior boundary of the anterior triangle?

A

The anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

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119
Q

Which muscles are found within the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Suprahyoid muscles: Mylohyoid, geniohyoid, digastric, stylohyoid

Infrahyoid: Omohyoid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid, sternothyroid

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120
Q

Where does the common carotid artery birfucate within the neck?

A

The anterior triangle of the neck into the external and internal branches

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121
Q

Which triangle is the internal jugular vein ?

A

Anterior triangle

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122
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the anterior triangle of the neck?

A 
Vagus nerve
Glossopharyngeal 
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal
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123
Q

What is the anterior boundary of the posterior triangle?

A

The posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

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124
Q

What is the posterior boundary of the posterior triangle?

A

The anterior border of the trapezius muscle

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125
Q

What is the inferior border of the posterior triangle?

A

The middle 1/3 of the clavicle

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126
Q

Which fascia covers the posterior triangle?

A

Investing layer of fascia

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127
Q

Which nerves pass through the posterior triangle?

A

Trunks of the brachial plexus
Vagus nerve
Spinal accessory nerv
Phrenic nerve

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128
Q

Which two muscles does the spinal accessory nerve innervate?

A

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

Trapezius muscle

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129
Q

What are the four main suprahyoid muscles?

A

Anterior and posterior belly of digastric muscle
Stylohyoid muscle
Geniohyoid
Mylohyoid

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130
Q

What are the four main infra hyoid muscles?

A

Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Thyrohyoid
Sternothyroid

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131
Q

Which nerve innervates the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?

A

Facial nerve

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132
Q

Which vein is superficial to the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

External jugular vein

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133
Q

Which vessels are deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

Carotid artery

Internal jugular vein

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134
Q

Which nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression?

A

Facial nerve

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135
Q

What are the three groups of the muscles of facial expression?

A

Orbital
Nasal
Oral

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136
Q

What are the two orbital muscles of facial expression?

A

Corrugator supercili

Orbicularis oculi

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137
Q

Which muscle controls the movement of the eyelids?

A

Orbicularis oculi

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138
Q

Which are the three parts of the orbiculares oculi?

A

Palpebral part
Lacrimal part
Orbital part

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139
Q

What are the attachments for the orbicularis oculi?

A

Originates from the medial orbital margin, the medial palpebral ligament
Lacrimal bone

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140
Q

What are the actions of the palpebral part oft he orbiculares oculi muscle?

A

Closes the eyelids gently

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141
Q

Which part of the orbiculares oculi muscle is involved in the drainage of tears?

A

Lacrima part

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142
Q

What is the function of the orbital part of the orbicularis oculi?

A

Tightly closes the eyelids

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143
Q

Where do the corrugator supercili muscles insert into?

A

Inserts into the eyebrow , originally from the superciliary arch

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144
Q

What are the actions of the corrugator supercilli muscles?

A

Draws the eyebrows together, creating vertical drinks on the bridge of the nose

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145
Q

What are the three main muscles of the nasal group?

A

Nasalis
Procerus
Depressor septi nasi

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146
Q

Where does the nasalis muscle attach?

A

Originate from the maxilla

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147
Q

What are the two parts of the nasalis muscle?

A

Alar and transverse

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148
Q

Which cartilage attaches the alar part of the nasalis to the nasal skeleton?

A

Alar cartilage

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149
Q

What is the function of the transverse nasalis?

A

Compresses the nares

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150
Q

What is the function of the alar nasalis?

A

Open the nares

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151
Q

Which nasal muscle is the most superior?

A

Procerus

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152
Q

Which bone does the procerus originate from?

A

Nasal bone

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153
Q

What is the action of the procerus?

A

Contraction of the muscle pulls the eyebrow downwards, producing transverse wrinkles on nose

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154
Q

What is the function of the depressor septi nasi?

A

Assist the alar part of the nasali in opening of the nostrils, runs from the maxilla to the nasal septum, pulls the nose inferiorly, opening th nares

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155
Q

What are the two oral group muscles?

A

Buccinator and orbicularis oris

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156
Q

What is the action of the orbicularis oris?

A

Purses the lips

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157
Q

Where does the buccinator muscle attach too?

A

Originate from the maxilla, mandible, fibrs run in the infernomedial direction blending with the orbicularis oris, and the skin of the lip

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158
Q

What are the actions of the buccinator?

A

Pulls the cheek inwards, against the teeth, preventing the accumulation of food in that area

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159
Q

What are the motor functions of the facial nerve?

A

Innervates the facial expression, the posterior belly of the digastric , the stylohyoid muscle
Stapedius muscles

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160
Q

What are the sensory functions of the facial nerve?

A

Area surrounding the concha of the auricle

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161
Q

What are the special sensory functions of the facial nerve?

A

Provides taste sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

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162
Q

What are the parasympathetic functions of the facial nerve?

A

Submandibular
Sublingual salivary glands
Lacrimal glands

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163
Q

Where does the facial nerve pass through?

A

Parotid gland

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164
Q

What are the 5 main branches of the facial nerve?

A 
Temporal
Zygomatic 
Bucal
Mandibular 
Cervical branches
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165
Q

What is the temporomandibular joint?

A

Pair of joints connecting the mandible to the skull. Bilateral synovial articulation between the temporal bone, and mandible, assisting in mastication

The muscles of mastication move the mandible -> Trigeminal v3

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166
Q

What are the three main muscles of mastication?

A

Masseter
Temporalis
Lateral and medial pterygoids

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167
Q

Which nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?

A

Mandibular nerve V3

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168
Q

What are main functions of the muscles of mastication?

A

Movements of the mandible include protrusion (Jaw advances); retraction (Jaw retreats); elevation and depression. These movements are facilitated by the superficial muscles, the temporalis and masseter muscles.

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169
Q

What are the attachments of the master muscle?

A

The superficial part originates from the maxillary process of the zygomatic bone; deep part originates from the zygomatic arch of the temporal bone. Both parts attach to the ramus of the mandible.

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170
Q

What is the main action of the masseter muscle?

A

Elevates the mandible, closing the mouth (forced)

171
Q

Where does the temporals muscle originate from?

A

Temporal fossa

172
Q

What structure covers the temporals muscle?

A

Fascia

173
Q

Where does the temporalis muscle insert into?

A

Coronoid process of the mandible

174
Q

What is the main function of the temporalis muscle?

A

Elevates the mandible, closing the mouth. Retraction of the mandible, pull the jaw posteriorly

175
Q

What is the function of the lateral pterygoid?

A

Depresses and protracts the mandible

176
Q

What is the insertion of the lateral pterygoid?

A

Condyle of the mandible, and front margin

177
Q

What is the origin of the mandible?

A

Infratemporal crest.

178
Q

What is the function of the medial pterygoid muscle?

A

Elevation of the mandible

179
Q

What is the insertion of the medial pterygoid?

A

Ramus and angle of the mandible

180
Q

Which bone forms the roof to the orbits?

A

Orbital plate of the frontal bone, and the lesser thing of the sphenoid

181
Q

Which bones form the inferior wall of the orbit?

A

Formed by the orbital plate of the maxilla, paladin and zygomatic bone

182
Q

Which bones form the medial wall of the orbit?

A

Ethmoid
Maxilla
Lacrimal
Sphenoid bone

183
Q

Which bones form the lateral wall of the orbit?

A

Zygomatic bone, and greater wing of the sphenoid bone

184
Q

What are the three main foramina of the orbit?

A

Optic canal
Superior orbital fissure
Inferior orbital fissure

185
Q

What are the 7 extra ocular muscles?

A 
Levator palpebrae superioris
Superior rectus
medial rectus
Lateral recuts
inferior rectus
Superior oblique
Inferior oblique
186
Q

Which extra ocular muscles are responsible for eye movements?

A

Recti and oblique muscles

187
Q

Which muscle is responsible for superior eyelid movement?

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

188
Q

What is the function of the levator palpebrae superiors?

A

Elevates the upper eyelid

189
Q

Which nerve innervates the Levator palpebrae superioris?

A

Oculomotor nerve

190
Q

What are the four recti muscles?

A

Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Medial rectus
Lateral rectus

191
Q

What is the action of the superior rectus?

A

Elevation of the eye contributes to adduction and medial rotation of the eyeball

192
Q

What is the action of the inferior rectus?

A

Depression

Adduction and lateral rotation of the eyeball

193
Q

What is the action of the medial rectus?

A

Adducts the eyeball

194
Q

What is the action of the lateral rectus?

A

Abducts the eyeball

195
Q

Which nerve innervates the lateral rectus?

A

Abducens nerve

196
Q

Which recti muscles are innervated by the oculomotor nerve?

A

Medial, inferior and superior rectus

197
Q

What are the actions of the superior oblique?

A

Depression and abduction of the eye

Medial rotation

198
Q

Which nerve innervates the superior oblique?

A

Trochlear nerve

199
Q

What is the function of the inferior oblique?

A

Elevates, abducts and laterally rotates the eyeball

200
Q

Which nerve innervates the inferior oblique?

A

Oculomotor nerve

201
Q

Which ganglion contains the cell bodies of the oculomotor nerve?

A

Ciliary ganglion

202
Q

What is the role of the ciliary ganglion?

A

Innervation to the sphincter pupillae muscle, constriction pupil

203
Q

Which paired dural venous sinus is located within the cranial cavity?

A

Cavernous cavity

204
Q

Which cranial fossa is the cavernous sinus located within?

A

Middle cranial fossa on either side of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

205
Q

Which veins supply the cavernous sinus?

A

Cerebral and ophthalmic veins

206
Q

What are the four structures of the lacrimal system?

A

Lacrimal gland
Canaliculi
Sac
Nasolacrimal duct

207
Q

What is the lacrimal gland?

A

Lacrimal gland is the tear-producing organ of the lacrimal apparatus. The gland secretes the serous transparent fluid through its excretory ducts into the lateral aspect of the superior fornix, in the space between the eyeball and the eyelids. Tears wash over the eyeball, and drain into the lacrimal canaliculi (inferior and superior)- Open in the medial corner of the eye with puncta lacrimalia.

208
Q

Where does the lacrimal canaliculi open into?

A

Open into the medial corner of the eye

209
Q

What is the function of the lacrimal canaliculi?

A

Conveys tears to the lacrimal sac, dilated portion of the nasolacrimal duct, lodged in a depression between the lacrimal bone and frontal process of the maxilla
Fluid drains further into the nasolacrimal duct, opens into the nasal meatus

210
Q

Fluid from the nasolacrimal duct eventually drains into ____?

A

The nasal meatus

211
Q

Which nerve contals the secretory functions of the lacrimal apparatus?

A

V1

212
Q

What are the main functions of the nasal cavity? (4)

A

Warms & humidifies the inspired air
Removes and traps pathogens and particular matter from inspired air
Responsible for sense of smell (detected by chemo-olfactory receptors within the ehtmoid bone)
Drains and clears the paranasal sinuses and lacrimal ducts

213
Q

What is the vestibule region of the nasal cavity?

A

Area surrounding the anterior external opening to the nasal cavity

214
Q

Which cells line the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?

A

Ciliated pseduostratified epithelium interspersed with mucous secreting goblet cells

215
Q

What is the olfactory region of the nasal cavity?

A

Located at the apex of the nasal cavity, lined by olfactory cells with olfactory receptors

216
Q

Which cartilage forms the nasal septum?

A

Septal cartilage

217
Q

What forms the floor of the nasal cavity?

A

Upper surface of the palatine process of the maxilla

Horizontal plane of the palatine bone, forming the hard palate

218
Q

Which bone forms the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

Formed by the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

219
Q

What are the nasal conchae?

A

Projecting out of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity. Inferior, middle and superior conchae. Project into the nasal cavity, resulting in the formation of four pathways for airflow. Passages are called meatuses.

220
Q

What are the three meatuses?

A

Inferior meatus
Middle meatus
Superior meatus

221
Q

What is the inferior meatus?

A

Between the inferior concha and floor of the nasal cavity

222
Q

What is the middle meatus?

A

Between the inferior and middle concha

223
Q

What is the superior meatus?

A

Between the middle and superior concha

224
Q

What is the function of the conchae?

A

Conchae increases the surface area of the nasal cavity; increases the volume of inspired air coming into contact with the cavity walls. Disrupt the fast, laminar flow of the air, making it slow and turbulent. Air traverses through a longer period in the nasal cavity for humidification.

225
Q

What are the four main paranasal sinuses?

A

Frontal sinuses
Ethmoidal cells
Maxillary sinuses
Sphenoidal sinuses

226
Q

What are paranasal sinuses?

A

Air filled extensions of the respiratory region of the nasal cavity

227
Q

Which nerve innervates the paranasal sinuses?

A

The trigeminal nerve

228
Q

What is the main function of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Humidifying inspired air

Increasing resonance of voice

229
Q

Which paranasal sinus is the most superior?

A

Frontal sinus

230
Q

How does the frontal sinus drain into the nasal cavity?

A

Frontonasal duct opening out at the hiatus semilunaris of the lateral wall

231
Q

Which part of the trigeminal nerve innervates the frontal sinus?

A

V1

232
Q

Which artery supplies the frontal sinus?

A

Anterior ethmoidal arteries

233
Q

What are ethmoidal cells?

A

Ethmoidal cells: Fill the ethmoidal labyrinth. Cluster of cells is separated from the orbit by the thin orbital plate of the ethmoidal labyrinth, and from the nasal cavity by the medial wall of the ethmoidal labyrinth.

234
Q

Which two nerves innervate the ethmoidal cells?

A

V1 & V2

235
Q

Where do the maxillary sinuses drain into?

A

drain into the hiatus semi-lunars

236
Q

Which nerve innervates the maxillary sinuses?

A

V2, maxillary nerve

237
Q

Which arteries supply the maxillary sinuses?

A

Maxillary arteries

238
Q

Which nerves inveterate the sphenoidal sinuses?

A

V1 & V2

239
Q

What is the purpose of the nasolacrimal duct?

A

Opens onto the lateral wall of the inferior nasal meatus, drains tears from the conjunctival sac for the eye into the nasal cavity

240
Q

What three regions is the ear divided into?

A

External ear
Middle ear
Internal ear

241
Q

Which canal forms the superficial surface of the external ear?

A

External acoustic meatus

242
Q

What is the lateral projection from the head of the external ear?

A

Auricle

243
Q

What is the auricle made out of?

A

Cartilage

244
Q

What is the outer surface of the ear?

A

External auricular rim = helix

245
Q

Where does the helix end?

A

Ends inferiorly at the fleshy lobule (not supported by cartilage)

246
Q

What is the hollow centre of the auricle?

A

Concha of the auricle

247
Q

Where does the external acoustic meatus retreat from?

A

Centre of the auricle

248
Q

What structure is found anterior to the opening of the external acoustic meatus?

A

Tragus

249
Q

what structure resides opposite to the tragus?

A

Anti-tragus

250
Q

What structure forms a smaller curved inner rim, parallax and anterior to the helix?

A

Anti-helix

251
Q

What does the pharyngotympanic tube connect?

A

Connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx

252
Q

What is the role performed by the pharyngotympanic tube?

A

Equalises pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane

253
Q

Where does the pharyngotympanic tube enter?

A

Enter the nasopharynx, posterior to the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity

254
Q

What forms the 1/3rd of the middle ear?

A

Bony part

255
Q

What is the vasculature of the middle ear?

A

Branches arise from the ascending pharyngeal artery (Branch of the external artery), and from two branches o fi to the maxillary artery (Middle meningeal artery, and the artery of the pterygoid canal)

256
Q

What is the venous drainage of the middle ear?

A

Pterygoid plexus of veins in the infra temporal fossa

257
Q

Which plexus innervates the mucous membrane lining the pharyngotympanic tube?

A

Tympanic plexus

258
Q

Which nerve innervates tympanic plexus?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX]

259
Q

Which three bones form the ossicles of the middle ear?

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

260
Q

Which ossicle is attached to the tympanic membrane?

A

Malleus

261
Q

What are the three structures that form the malleus?

A

head of the malleus
Neck of the malleus
Anterior & lateral processes, and the handle

262
Q

Which part of the malleus articulates with the incus?

A

Posterior surface of the head

263
Q

What does the anterior process of the malleus attach onto?

A

Attached to the anterior wall of the middle ear by a ligament

264
Q

What does the lateral process of the malleus attach onto?

A

Attached to the anterior and posterior malleolar folds of the tympanic membrane

265
Q

Which part of the malleus is attached to the tympanic membrane?

A

The handle of the malleus

266
Q

Which part of the incus articulates with the head of the malleus?

A

Enlarged body of the incus

267
Q

What are the two limbs of the incus?

A

Short & long limb

268
Q

What is the short limb of the incus?

A

Extends posteriorly and is attached by a ligament the upper posterior wall of the middle ear

269
Q

What is the long limb of the incus?

A

Extends downwards from the body, paralleling the handle of the malleus, and ends by bending medially to article with the stapes

270
Q

What is the stapes?

A

Joins the incus to the oval window of the inner ear, stirrup shaped with a head two limbs and a base, head articulates with the incus, and the base joints the oval window

271
Q

What structure carries information regarding taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, and contains secretory motor fibrs to the submandibular and sublingual glands?

A

Chorda tympani

272
Q

What I the function of the oculomotor nerve?

A

Somatic motor function innervating the majority of extra-ocular muscles of the eye :
Superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, and inferior oblique
The levator palpebrae superioris

273
Q

What is the parasympathetic function of the oculomotor nerve?

A

Innervates the sphincter pupillae and cilliary muscles of the eye, constricting the iris/pupil (pupilary light reflex)

274
Q

Which foramina does the oculomotor nerve course through?

A

Superior orbital fissure

275
Q

What does the superior branch supply for the oculomotor nerve?

A

Provides motor innervation to the superior rectus, and levator palpebrae superioris

276
Q

What does the inferior branch of the oculomotor nerve supply?

A

Provides motor innervation to the inferior, medial rectus, and inferior oblique

277
Q

Where do the pre ganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies reside?

A

Ciliary ganglion

278
Q

What is the function of the trochlear nerve in terms of the eye?

A

Innervates the superior oblique, depresses and abducts the eye

279
Q

Which extra ocular muscle is innervated by the abducens nerve?

A

Lateral rectus

280
Q

How does one test for the lateral rectus?

A

Look out

281
Q

How does one test for the medial rectus?

A

Look in

282
Q

How does one test for the inferior rectus?

A

Look down when looking out

283
Q

How does one test for the superior rectus?

A

Look up when looking out

284
Q

How does one test for inferior oblique?

A

Look up when looking in

285
Q

How does one test for the superior oblique?

A

Look down when looking in

286
Q

What is the main motor function of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Innervates the muscle of mastication

287
Q

What are the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Ophthalmic division
Maxillary divison
Mandibular divison

288
Q

Which nerve provides general sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

Mandibular division

289
Q

Which nerve innervates the medial and lateral pterygoids?

A

Mandibular divison

290
Q

What three structures form the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

291
Q

Which cranial nerve provides motor functions to the uvula (Levator vili palatini)?

A

Vagus nerve

292
Q

A lesion to the right vagal nerve of the uvula results in what deviation?

A

Deviation to the opposing side

293
Q

What closes the pharyngal isthmus during swallowing?

A

Elevation of the soft palate and constriction of the palatophayrngeal sphincter closes the pharyngal isthmus

294
Q

Which pharynx is posterior to the oral cavity?

A

Oropharynx

295
Q

What are the large collections of lymphoid tissues at the posterior aspect of the oral cavity?

A

Lingual and palatine tonsils

296
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils?

A

Within the lateral walls of the oropharynx, the palatine tonsils are posterior to the palatoglossal folds

Between the palatoglossal and palatophayrngeal arches

297
Q

Which folds are anterior to the palatine tonsils?

A

Palatoglossal folds

298
Q

What is the palatoglossal fold?

A

Palate -> Tongue

Posterior is the palatopharyngeal fold : palate -> pharynx

299
Q

Which palate is the most posterior?

A

Soft palate

300
Q

What role is performed by the epiglottis during swallowing in relation to the laryngeal inlet?

A

The epiglottis during swallowing closes the laryngeal inlet, prevents substrate moving into the trachea
Laryngopharynx opens up into the oesophagus

301
Q

The laryngopharynx opens up into which structure?

A

The oesophagus

302
Q

What is the piriform fossa?

A

Has sensory innervation

Channel that directs solid & liquids from oral cavity around the raised laryngeal inlet and into the oesophagus

303
Q

Which cranial nerves provides the majority of the motor and sensory innervation of the pharynx?

A

Vagus and glossopharyngeal nerve

304
Q

What are the three main salivary glands within the oral cavity?

A

Submandibular
Sublingual
Parotid

305
Q

What are salivary glands?

A

Are glands that secrete amylase into the oral cavity. Small glands reside within the submucosa or mucosa of the oral epithelial lining the tongue, palate, cheeks and lips

306
Q

Which type of fluid is secreted from submandibular glands?

A

Serous

307
Q

Where are the sub mandibular glands?

A

Reside within the floor of the mouth, secrete saliva into the mouth through the submandibular ducts

308
Q

Which nerve innervates the submandibular gland?

A

The facial nerve

309
Q

Which nerve innervates the sublingual gland?

A

Facial nerve

310
Q

Where do the sublingual glands reside in relation to the tongue?

A

Inferior to the tongue

311
Q

What type of secretions are released from the sublingual glands?

A

Mucous secretions

312
Q

Which nerve innervates the parotid glands?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

313
Q

What type of secretions are released by the parotid gland?

A

Serous secretions

314
Q

Where are the parotid glands?

A

Reside between the skin and the masseter muscle, proximal to the ears.

315
Q

Where does the parotid duct enter into the oral cavity?

A

Penetrates the buccinator muscle, which is located near the second upper molar tooth

316
Q

What are the four main extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Styloglossus
Palatoglossus

317
Q

Where is the root of the tongue attached to?

A

Attached to the mandible and hyoid bone

318
Q

Which nerve innervates the intrinsic muscles?

A

Hypoglossal nerve [XII]

319
Q

What are the four main intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Superior longitudinal
Inferior longitudinal
Transverse
Vertical

320
Q

Which extrinsic tongue muscles are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve?

A

Hyoglossus
Styloglossus
Genioglossus

321
Q

Which nerve innervates the palatoglossus?

A

Vagus nerve

322
Q

Which extrinsic tongue muscle protrudes the tongue out of the oral cavity, and depresses the centre?

A

Genioglossus

323
Q

What is the function of the hyoglossus?

A

Depresses tongue

324
Q

What is the function of the styloglossus?

A

Elevates and retracts the tongue

325
Q

Which extrinsic tongue muscle elevates and retracts the tongue?

A

Styloglossus

326
Q

What I the function of the palatoglossus?

A

Depresses the palate, moving the palatoglossal folds towards the midline, elevates back of the tongue

327
Q

A lesion in the hypoglossal nerve results in a tongue deviation towards?

A

Towards the lesion

328
Q

Which nerve provides general sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

Trigeminal nerve

329
Q

Which nerve provides taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

Facial nerve

330
Q

Which nerve provides sensory touch and taste to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

331
Q

Which nucleus is the taste centre?

A

Nucleus solitarius

332
Q

What are the four main phases of swallowing?

A

Oral preparatory phase
Oral transit phase
Pharyngeal phase (1 & 2)
Oesophageal phase

333
Q

What happens during the oral preparatory phase?

A

Food is mechanically digested into bolus, jell at centre of the tongue
Lip, jaw, tongue and palate sensory & motor function required, facilitated by dentition ,voluntary process

334
Q

Which 5 cranial nerves provide innervation during the oral preparatory phase?

A 
Trigeminal (v)
Facial
Glossopharyngeal 
Vagus
Hypoglossal
335
Q

What is the oral transit phase?

A

Bolus propelled to oropharynx, soft palate seals entrance to the nasal cavity

336
Q

Is the airway open during the oral transit phase?

A

Yes

337
Q

When does the airway close during swallowing?

A

Pharyngeal phase 1

338
Q

When is the pharyngeal phase triggered?

A

Triggered when the bolus reaches the faucial arch the soft palate remains elevated to prevent access to the nasopharynx

339
Q

Which palate during the swallowing phases seals off the nasaopharynx?

A

Soft palate

340
Q

Which nerve innervates the styloglossus?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

341
Q

Which muscle retracts the tongue inwards pushing the bolus towards the oropharynx

A

Styloglossus

342
Q

Which 3 nerves innervate the pharyngeal phase?

A

Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Hypoglossal

343
Q

Which structure closes the laryngeal inlet?

A

Epiglottis

344
Q

What happens during the second pharyngeal phase?

A

Bolus propelled through the pharynx

Reflex control

345
Q

What is the oesophageal phase?

A

Upper oesophageal sphincter relaxes, airway closed, breath held
Bolus is propelled through the oesophagus under reflex control of X & IX.
Respiration resume upon exhalation; clears food particles from airway entrance

346
Q

Which technique can be used to monitor the swallowing phases?

A

Videofluroscopy

347
Q

What is an ataxic swallow?

A

Uncoordinated tongue retraction (styloglossus) to propel the bolus into the oropharynx. There is a delayed airway closure (Epiglottis retroflexion onto the laryngeal inlet impaired)
Bolus enters into the airways

348
Q

Why does the bolus aspirate into the lungs during a cerebellar haemotoma?

A

Delayed and ineffective cough to clear airway

349
Q

What can be done to reduce aspiration of bolus for patients with a cerebellar haematoma?

A

Flexed neck during swallow

350
Q

What is the pathology that arises from a cerebellar haematoma?

A

Ataxic swallow

351
Q

What happens during gnarly excised acoustic neuroma?

A

Low motor lesion, causes ipsilateral paresis of pharynx ,larynx and tongue

There is a weak bolus propulsion -> Residue within oral cavity and pharynx
Failed airway closure causes aspiration

352
Q

What can be done to help with an excised acoustic neuroma during swallowing?

A

Head rotation to direct bolus down strong side of pharynx

353
Q

How does Parkinson’s disease cause swallow difficulty?

A

Difficult in initiating a swallow, repetitive tongue movements -> Linked with muscle rigidity , unable to lower back o the tongue

354
Q

What treatment can be done to help with Parkinson’s patients with difficultly in swallowing?

A

Active range of motion exercises of lips & tongues (physiotherapy)

355
Q

What is the main function of the larynx?

A

Is a sphincter to close the lower respiratory tract and an instrument to produce sound

356
Q

Which bone is the larynx suspends from?

A

Hyoid bone

357
Q

Which nerve supplies most of the motor and sensory innervation to the larynx?

A

Vagus nerve

358
Q

What are the three main unpaired cartilages of the larynx?

A

Cricoid
Thyroid
Epiglottis

359
Q

What are three pairs of smaller cartilages?

A

Arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform

360
Q

Which laryngeal cartilage is the most inferior?

A

Cricoid cartilage

361
Q

What is the posterior broad region of the cricoid cartilage?

A

The lamina

362
Q

What is the anterior region of the cricoid cartilage?

A

Narrow arch of the cricoid cartilage

363
Q

Where are the two attachment facets on the cricoid cartilage which articulate with the arytenoid cartilage?

A

Posteriorly on the lamina

364
Q

Which cartilage articulates with the lateral articulation facets on the cricoid facets?

A

Medial surface of the thyroid horn of the thyroid cartilage

365
Q

Which two structures form a superior point of fusion of the thyroid cartilage?

A

Right and left lamina

366
Q

What is the common name for the laryngeal prominence?

A

Adam’s apple

367
Q

Which structure is formed upon the fusion of the right and left lamina anteriorly?

A

Laryngeal prominence

368
Q

Which bone are the superior horns of the thyroid cartilage attached to?

A

Hyoid bone

369
Q

Which structure do the inferior horns of the thyroid cartilage articulate with?

A

Articulates with the cricoid cartilage

370
Q

Which ligament attaches the epiglottis to the thyroid cartilage?

A

Thyro-epiglottic ligament

371
Q

Which paired cartilage are pyramidal shaped and reside on the superoposteriar articular facets of the cricoid cartilage?

A

Arytenoid cartilages

372
Q

Which cartilage does the arytenoid cartilage articulate with at its base?

A

The cricoid cartilage

373
Q

What are the two main processes of the arytenoid cartilages?

A

Vocal process

muscular process

374
Q

What is the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage?

A

Provides attachment for the posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles

375
Q

What is the vestibular fold?

A

False vocal cords and superior to the vocal folds

376
Q

Which region is superior to the vocal cords?

A

Vestibule

377
Q

Which region is inferior to the vocal folds?

A

Infraglottic space

378
Q

Where is the cricothyroid muscle located?

A

Attached to the anterolateral surfaces of the arch of the cricoid cartilage
Expand superiorly and posteriorly to attach to the thyroid cartilage

379
Q

Which muscle lengthens and stretches the vocal fold (tensor)?

A

Cricothyroid muscle

380
Q

What is the function of the cricothyroid muscle?

A

Lengthens and stretches the vocal fold (tensor)

381
Q

Which branch of the vagus nerve innervates the circothyroid muscle?

A

Superior laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve

382
Q

What are the three main arytenoid muscles?

A

Transverse arytenoid
Oblique arytenoid
Posterior cricoarytenoid

383
Q

What is the function of the oblique arytenoid muscle?

A

Narrows the laryngeal inlet.

384
Q

What is the function of the transverse arytenoid muscled?

A

In coordination with the oblique arytenoid muscle, the transverse muscle pulls the arytenoid cartilage closes together -> Closure of the posterior glottis

385
Q

Which muscle opens the glottis, and separates the vocal folds?

A

Posterior cricoarytenoid

386
Q

What is the origin of the posterior crico-arytenoid muscle?

A

Posterior surface of lamina

387
Q

What is the function of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle?

A

Closes the glottis, and adducts the vocal folds.

388
Q

What is the function of the thyroarytenoid muscle?

A

Relaxes the vocal fold

389
Q

What are the four protective mechanisms of the airway?

A

Swallowing
Gag reflex
Sneezing
Coughing

390
Q

How does the epiglottis prevent aspiration of bolus into the airway?

A

Retroflexion of the epiglottis closes the laryngeal inlet, and larynx is raised

391
Q

Which nerve controls the gag reflex?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

392
Q

How does sneezing protect the airway?

A

Expels air through the nose, clear obstruction within the nasal cavity

393
Q

How does coughing protect the airways?

A

Reflex action to remove food away from trachea out through the oral cavity

394
Q

What are the two branches of the superior laryngeal nerve?

A

External branch

Internal branch

395
Q

Which ganglia contains the superior laryngeal nerve?

A

Originates from the inferior vagal ganglia

396
Q

What is the function of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve?

A

Supplies the cricothyroid muscle

397
Q

What is the function of the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve?

A

Supplies sensory innervation to the laryngeal cavity and vocal folds superior

398
Q

What are the motor functions arising from the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

Motor to all intrinsic muscles of the larynx with the exception of the cricothryoid muscle

399
Q

Which nerve provides motor function to the cricothyroid muscle?

A

External branch of the superior laryngeal nerve

400
Q

What are the sensory functions of the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

Sensory to the laryngeal cavity below the level of the vocal folds

401
Q

A lesion to the recurrent laryngeal nerve will result in what paralysis?

A

Paralysis of all muscles of larynx, except cricothyroid muscle,
Loss of sensation below the vocal folds

402
Q

A lesion to the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve?

A

Lesion causes loss of sensation above the vocal folds

403
Q

A lesion to the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve results in what?

A

Lesion causes paralysis of the cricothyroid

404
Q

Where are the thyroid glands located in relation to the thyroid cartilage?

A

Anterior in the neck, inferior and lateral to the thyroid cartilage.
Covers the cricoid cartilage and the inferior region of the thyroid cartilage

405
Q

What is the thyroid isthmus?

A

Connects the lateral lobes

406
Q

What is the first branch of the external carotid artery?

A

Superior thyroid artery

407
Q

What are the two branches of the superior thyroid artery?

A

Anterior glandular branch

Posterior glandular branch

408
Q

Which artery supplies the inferior pole of the thyroid gland, and the parathyroid glands?

A

Inferior thyroid artery

409
Q

Where does the superior thyroid vein drain?

A

Drains the area supplied by the superior thyroid artery

410
Q

Where do the middle and inferior thyroid veins drain?

A

Drains the rest of the thyroid gland

411
Q

Which veins do the superior and medial thyroid veins drain into?

A

Internal jugular vein

412
Q

Which vein does the inferior thyroid artery drain into?

A

Right & left brachiocephalic veins

413
Q

Which is the main node for lymphatic drainage of the thyroid gland?

A

Paratracheal nodes

414
Q

Which nerve is intimately associated with the current laryngeal nerve?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

415
Q

Which vein does the external jugular vein drain into?

A

Subclavian vein

416
Q

Which vein does the facial vein drain into?

A

The subclavian vein

417
Q

What are the 5 main superficial lymph nodes?

A 
Submandibular 
Submental 
Occipital 
Mastoid
Parotid
418
Q

What are the submandibular nodes?

A

Inferior to the body of the mandible, and associated with the facial artery

419
Q

What are the submental nodes?

A

Inferior and posterior to the chin

420
Q

Where are the occipital lymph nodes located?

A

Located posterior to the head at the lateral border of the trapezium muscle, collects lymph from the occipital region of the scalp

421
Q

Which lymph nodes are posterior to the ear, residing on the insertion of the sternocleidomastoid muscle into the mastoid process?

A

Mastoid nodes

422
Q

Where are the parotid nodes located?

A

Superficially to the parotid gland, collects lymph from the nasal cavity, the external acoustic meatus, the tympanic cavity and the lateral borders of the orbit

423
Q

What are the deep cervical lymph nodes?

A

Collection of lymph nodes that form a chain along the internal jugular vein. Divided into upper and lower groups where intermediate tendon of the omohyoid muscle crosses the common carotid artery & the internal jugular vein.

Anatomy (5 decks)

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