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Systems 2 - The Gastrointestinal System > Upper GI Tract Pathology > Flashcards

Upper GI Tract Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of Upper GI tract disease?

A

Disorder of Upper GI tract which causes abdominal/retrosternal discomfort/pain/indigestion

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2
Q

What is the pathology of oesophageal reflux?

A

Reflux of gastric acid in the oesophagus

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3
Q

What is a common cause for OR?

A

Hiatal hernia

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4
Q

What changes occur to the histology of the oesophagus?

A

Thickening of the squamous epithelium

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5
Q

What complication may occur in severe cases of OR?

A

Ulceration of the oesophagus

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6
Q

What complications may occur from healing by fibrosis of OR?

A
  • Stricture formation (tightening/narrowing)
  • Impaired oesophageal motility
  • Oesophageal obstruction
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7
Q

What complication occurs as a response to OR in only a few patients?

A

Barrett’s Oesophagus

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8
Q

What is Barrett’s Oesophagus?

A

A type of metaphasia (reversible transformation of one cell type ie. squamous to glandular) - recognised pre-malignant condition

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9
Q

Describe the prevalence of oesophageal cancer

A

Third most common cancer of alimentary canal

Marked geographic variation in incidence (rising)

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10
Q

What two histological types of oesophageal cancer are there?

A

Squamous carcinoma and adenocarcinoma (develops from Barrett’s Oesophagus)

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11
Q

What are the local effects of oesophageal cancer?

A

Obstruction
Ulceration
Perforation

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12
Q

What types of spread are possible with oesophageal cancer?

A
  • Direct (to surrounding structures)
  • Lymphatic (to regional lymph nodes)
  • Blood spread (to liver)
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13
Q

What is the ute prognosis of oesophageal cancer?

A

Very poor

5-year survival rate <15%

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14
Q

What are the types of gastritis?

A

Type A - autoimmune
Type B - bacterial
Type C - chemical injury

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15
Q

In Type A Gastritis, what structures do autoantibodies attack?

A

Parietal cells and intrinsic factor

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16
Q

What is the pathology of Type A Gastritis?

A

Atrophy and loss of specialised gastric epithelium leading to decreased acid secretion and vitamin B12 deficiency

17
Q

What is the most common type of gastritis?

A

Bacterial

18
Q

What is the bacteria responsible for Type B gastritis?

A

Helicobacter Pylori

19
Q

Describe Helicobacter pylori

A

Gram negative bacteria found in gastric mucus on surface of gastric epithelium

20
Q

What is the pathology of Type B gastritis?

A

Acute and chronic inflammation - increased acid production

21
Q

What chemical agents can cause Type C gastritis?

A

NSAIDs, alcohol and bile reflux

22
Q

How does a peptic ulcer form?

A

Imbalance between gastric acid secretion and mucosal barrier

23
Q

What organs does it effect?

A

Oesophagus (lower), stomach (body and antrum) and duodenum (first and second parts)

24
Q

What causative agent is peptic ulceration usually associated with?

A

H. Pylori

25
Q

What complications may occur as a result of peptic ulceration?

A

Bleeding
Perforation
Healing by fibrosis

26
Q

What types of bleeding may occur in peptic ulceration?

A

Acute (haemorrhage) and chronic (anaemia)

27
Q

What occurs as a result of gastric perforation?

A

Peritonitis

28
Q

What may occur as a result of peptic ulceration healing by fibrosis?

A

Obstruction

29
Q

Describe the prevalence and prognosis of gastric cancer

A

Second most common alimentary cancer

Poor prognosis - less than 20% 5-year survival

30
Q

How does gastric cancer develop?

A

Through phases of intestinal metaphase and dysphasia

31
Q

What is gastric cancer associated with in terms of medical history?

A

H. Pylori infection

32
Q

What is the histological type of gastric cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma

33
Q

How may gastric cancer spread?

A

Direct
Lymphatic
Blood
Transceolomic

Systems 2 - The Gastrointestinal System (15 decks)

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