Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Gatsro 2 > Upper GI Tract > Flashcards

Upper GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

How is the motility of the oesophagus determined?

A

By pressure measurements (manometry).
Peristaltic waves are around 40 mmHg.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the LOS resting pressure and how does that change during receptive relaxation?

A

-Resting pressure is 20 mmHg
-Decreases by <5 mmHg during receptive relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is receptive relaxation and what mediates this?

A

Receptive Relaxation refers to the muscular relaxation of the orad stomach in response to entry of food from the esophagus.

Mediated by Inhibitory noncholinergic nonadrenergic (NCNA) neurones of myenteric plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a functional disorder of the oesophagus?

A

Presence of an oesophageal stricture (abnormal narrowing of oesophagus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some causes of Oesophageal strictures?

A

Abnormal oesophageal contraction:
-Hypermotility
-Hypomotility
-Disordered coordination

Failure of protective mechanisms for reflux:
Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is dysphagia?

A

Difficulty in swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What types of dysphagia are there?

A
  • For solids and fluids
  • Intermittent or progressive
  • Precise or vague in appreciation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is odynophagia?

A

Pain on swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is regurgitation?

A
  • Return of oesophageal contents from above an obstruction
  • May be functional or mechanical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is reflux?

A

Passive return of gastroduodenal contents to the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define achalasia.

A
  • Hypermotility of oesophagus due to loss of ganglion cells in Aurebach’s myenteric plexus in LOS wall
  • Leads to decreased activity of inhibitory NCNA neurones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does decreased activity of inhibitory NCNA neruones lead to?

A
  • Increased resting pressure of LOS
  • Receptive relaxation sets in late and is too weak so during reflex phase the LOS pressure is much higher than stomach
  • Swallowed food collects in oesophagus causing increased pressure throughout with dilation of oesophagus
  • Propagation of peristaltic waves cease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is primary achalasia?

A

The most common form of achalasia
aetiology is unknown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Diseases causing oesophageal motor abnormalities similar to primary achalasia described as what?

A

Secondary achalasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In this image of a patient with achalasia, what can be used to describe the appearance of the esophagus.

A

Birds beak appearance,
can see tapering of the distal esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens to the resting pressure in achalasia?

A

Increased resting pressure.

17
Q

What is the onset of achalasia described as?

A

Insidious onset.

18
Q

What is seen in this x ray?

A

Pneumomediastinum

19
Q

What is the definitive solution for an oesophageal perforation?

A

Oesophagectomy.

20
Q

What 3 mechanisms defend against reflux?

A

-Volume clearance, peristalsis reflex
-pH clearance, saliva
-Epithelium barrier properties

21
Q

What kind of hernia can be seen here?

A

Sliding hiatus hernia

22
Q

What kind of hernia can be seen here?

A

Rolling hiatus hernia

23
Q

What are the two standard investigations we do for anyone with GORD?

A

-Oesophageal manometry
-24-hr oesophagel pH recording

24
Q

What is an oesophageal manometry

A

Oesophageal manometry is a diagnostic test used to evaluate the function of the muscles in the oesophagus

25
Q

What do the cardia and pyloric regions of the stomach secrete?

A

Mucous only

26
Q

What does the body and fundus of the stomach secrete?

A

Mucous, HCL, pepsinogen

27
Q

What does the antrum of the stomach secrete?

A

Gastrin

28
Q

What is gastritis?

A

Gastritis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the lining of the stomach.

29
Q

What can be a cause of erosive & haemorrhagic gastritis.

A

Acute ulcer

30
Q

What causes chronic non erosive active gastritis and where does it affect?

A

Helicobacter pylori, affects the antrum.

31
Q

What is the name of the gastritis that affects the fundus/ fundal gland?

A

Atrophic gastritis

32
Q

What causes atrophic gastritis and what does it lead to?

A

Autoantibodies attacking parts and products of parietal cells,
leads to decreased acid and IF secretion.

33
Q

What is also seen in patients with atrophic gastritis in regards to IF?

A

Vitamin B12 defficiency leading to megaloblastic anaemia.

34
Q

What endocrine factor stimulates an increase in acid secretion?

A

Gastrin

35
Q

What paracrine factor can also stimulate acid secretion?

A

Histamine

36
Q

Which cells release gastrin?

A

G cells of the antrum

37
Q

Which cells release histamine?

A

ECL cells and mast cells of gastric wall.

38
Q

What endocrine factor inhibits acid production and where does it come from?

A

Secretin from the small intestine.

39
Q

What paracrine factor inhibits acid production?

A

Somatostatin

Gatsro 2 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions