Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GEMS > Upper GI Pathology > Flashcards

Upper GI Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Barrett Esophagus

A

Premalignant condition resulting from chronic injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Metaplasia of lower esophageal mucosa from —– to ——

A

Stratified squamous epithelium to nonciliated columnar epithelium w/ GOBLET CELLS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Non-goblet columnar epithelial

A

Similar to stomach surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Goblet cells

A

acid mucin vacuole distends cytoplasm & compress nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Absorptive cells

A

Paneth cells
Endocrine cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Classification

A

Barrett esophagus does not have metastatic potential by itself

Negative dysplasia vs Positive dysplasia (low-grade, high-grade)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Positive dysplasia low grade

A

Barrett’s mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Positive dysplasia high grade

A

Higher chance of progressing to invasive esophageal adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cause of barrett esophagus

A

GERD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Risk factors for Barrett Esophagus

A

Male, 5th decade, whites
Obesity
Smoking
Alcohol
Hiatal hernia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Micro of Barrett Esophagus

A

Columnar metaplasia w/ goblet cells involving esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Endoscopy

A

Biopsy required for diagnosis
Velvety mucosa
Salmon-colored tongue above esophageal junction (extend into distal esophagus GE junction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Biomakers that predict prognosis risk for Barrett Esophagus

A

Abnormalities of p16 (INK4/CDKNA)

Frequent TP53 mutations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Esophageal adenocarcinoma

A

Malignant epithelial tumor of the esophagus w/ glandular differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Incidence of Esophageal adenocarcinoma

A

Increasing 2/2 increasing obesity, GERD, declining H. pylori infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Demographic of adenocarcinoma

A

67 yo male

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Etiology of adenocarcinoma

A

All develops in the setting of intestinal metaplasia (Barrett’s esophagus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Risk fx for adenocarcinoma

A

Obesity
Smoking (sq cell carcinoma of esophagus)
Alcohol
Genetic predisposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Location of adenocarcinoma

A

Distal 1/3 esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Early gross path of adenocarcinoma

A

Ulcer
Nodule
Polyp
Plaque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Late gross path of adenocarcinoma

A

Fungating or annular
Ulcer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Micro of adenocarcinoma

A

Gland crowding
Cribriform plates
Dirty necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Adenocarcinoma advanced tumors sx

A

Progressive dysphagia (solids –>liquids)
WT loss
Retrosternal/epigastric pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus

A

Malignant epithelial neoplasm w/ squamous cell differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Keratinocyte-like cells that may contain intercellular bridges and/or keratinization

A

Pathology of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus

26
Q

Risk fx of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (1/2)

A

Tobacco: majority, potentiates risk assoc w/ alcohol

Alcohol

Japanese alcoholics – ALDH2 gene

27
Q

ALDH2 gene (aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 gene)

A

Japanese alcoholics at risk for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus

28
Q

Risk fx of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (2/2)

A

Nitrosamines in pickled/moldy foods; vitamin deficiencies

Plummer-vinson syndrome

Achalasia

Tylosis (AD skin disorder)

Celiac disease (risk d/t iron deficiency anemia)

Prior corrosive ingestion

29
Q

Gastric adenocarcinoma

A

Malignant epithelial cell tumor of gastric origin

30
Q

Early Gastric Adenocarcinoma

A

Limited to mucosa & submucosa

31
Q

Advanced Gastric Adenocarcinoma

A

Invade muscularis propria or more deeply

32
Q

pathogenesis gastric Adenocarcinoma

A

Multifactorial disease w/ strong environmental influences

Chronic mucosal injury

33
Q

Risk factors gastric adenocarcinoma

A
  1. H. pylori infection (CagA)
  2. GERD
  3. Bile reflux gastropathy following gastric surgery
  4. Autoimmune gastritis
  5. Diet (dried salted/smoked meats)
  6. Smoking
34
Q

Gross/Micro pathology of gastric adenocarcinoma

A
  1. Gland-forming tumors – intestinal-type carcinoma form bulky tumors
  2. Diffuse-type carcinoma – diffuse infiltrative growth pattern (signet ring cell carcinoma)
35
Q

Infiltrating glands w/ fused, papillary, or cribriform architecture

Cells contain LARGE, hyperchromatic nuclei

A

Gland-forming tumors –> intestinal-type carcinoma

36
Q

Signet ring cell carcinoma

Large mucin vacuole compresses the nucleus

Cells grow in nests, cords, singly

Round, irregular nuclei & variable amounts of eosinophilic cytoplasm

A

Diffuse-type gastric adenoma carcinoma –> diffuse infiltrative growth pattern

37
Q

Plastica

A

not pliable w/ an appearance similar to “leather bottle” stomach

CDH1 mutation gastric adenocarcinomas (E-cadherin)

38
Q

Early Gastric Adenocarcinoma clinical features

A

Asymptomatic
Ab pain
Mimics peptic ulcer disease: epigastric pain, dyspepsia (sister mary joseph nodule)

39
Q

Advanced Gastric Adenocarcinoma clinical features

A

Ab pain (epigastrium)
Anemia
Vomiting
WT Loss

40
Q

Met/paraneoplastic signs: Gastric Adenocarcinoma clinical features

A

Intra Abdominal dissemination & ascites

Ovaries (Krukenberg tumor)

Aconthosis nigricans/Leser-Trelat sign

Lymphatic spread –> L supraclavicular node (Virchow node)

Hematogenous spread –> liver & lung

St. Mary J Nodule

41
Q

Gastric marginal zone (MALT) lymphoma

A

Low-grade lymphoma composed of heterogenous B-cell population

42
Q

Gastric marginal zone (MALT) lymphoma

A

Stomach is common site of extranodal lymphomas

43
Q

Cause of Gastric marginal zone (MALT) lymphoma

A

Most assoc w/ chronic H. pylori infection

CagA+ most immunogenic

44
Q

Trisomies 3, 12, 18

A

Common in Cause of Gastric marginal zone (MALT) lymphoma

45
Q

Translocation associated with Gastric MALT lymphoma

A

t(11;18)(q21;q21)

46
Q

Diffuse proliferation of small-medium sized lymphocytes → monocytoid appearance w/ abundant pale cytoplasm

A

Microscopic signs of Gastric MALT

47
Q

Gastric glands infiltrated by lymphocytes (lymphoepithelial lesions) & uniform monocytoid morphology of the cells infiltrating the lamina propria

A

Microscopic signs of Gastric MALT

48
Q

GI stromal tumor

A

Mesenchymal tumor of the GI tract w/ characteristic histologic, immunohistochemical, molecular features

49
Q

GI stromal tumor molecular sign

A

CD117, KIT

Neurofibromatosis type I

50
Q

Amenable to tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy (imatinib)

A

GI Stromal Tumor – KIT mutations = 85% of cases

51
Q

GI Stromal Tumor – AD familial syndrome

A

Mutations in exons 11 & 13 of KIT

52
Q

Carney triad

A

GI Stromal Tumor

Pulm chondroma

Catecholamine-secreting paraganglioma

53
Q

GI Stromal Tumor:
Older Adults

A

KIT & PDGFRA-mutated GISTs (60-65yo)

54
Q

GI Stromal Tumor:
<21 yo

A

GISTs are SDH deficiency

55
Q

Well-defined round-oval tumor w/ epicenter in muscularis propria

A

Gross features of GI Stromal Tumor

56
Q

Firm to fleshy or gelatinous cut surface

A

Gross features of GI Stromal Tumor

57
Q

Hemorrhage & cystic degeneration in large tumors

A

Gross features of GI Stromal Tumor

58
Q

Site of GI Stromal Tumor

A

Stomach» Jejunum/ileum» duodenum>rectum

59
Q

Micro of GI Stromal Tumor

A

neoplastic cells → spindled/epithelioid mesenchymal neoplasm thought to arise/differentiate toward interstitial cells of Caja (ICC) or pacemaker cells

60
Q

GI bleeding d/t mucosal ulceration (MOST COMMON)

GI obstruction, abdominal pain

Incidental findings during surgery

A

Clinical features of GI Stromal Tumor

GEMS (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions