Upper GI pathology Flashcards
What symptoms do disease of upper GI cause?
Pain or indigestion
Retrosternal pain
What does frequent oesophageal reflux cause?
Thinking of the squamous epithelium or ulceration
oesophageal epithelium in severe cases
Healing by fibrosis causing stiffening, obstruction
Barrett’s esophagus
What is Barrett’s oesophageal
Transformation of the epithelium to one which resemebles small intestine (glandular)
What is the third most common alimentary tract cancer
Oesophageal
What are the two histologicsl types of oesophageal cancer
Squamous carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
What causes squamous cell carcinoma
Smoking
Diet carcinogens
Alcohol
What causes adenocarinoma
Acid flux leading to Barrett’s metaplasia
Obesity (again which cause cause acid reflux therefore Barrett’s)
List the local effects of oesophageal cancer
Obstruction
Perforation
Ulceration
Where will oesophageal cancer spread to?
Direct: surrounding tissue
Lymph: reeiognal lymph
Blood: liver
What are the 3 pathologies/ of gastritis
Autoimmune (type A)
Bacterial (commonest, type B)
Chemical (type C
What are the characteristics to autoimmune gastritis
Autoantibodies to parietal and intrinsic factor
Associated with other autoimmune disease
What is the pathology of autoimmune gastritis
Atrophy of specialised cells therefore decreased acid secretion and loss of intrinsic factor
Why does autoimmune gastric cause anaemia. What is the anemia called
Loss of specialised cells, loss of intrinsic factor therefore in ability to take up VIt B12.
Pernicious anaemia
What bacteria commonly causes bacterial gastritis
Helicobacter pylori
What type of bacteria is helicobacter pylori
Gram neg
Where is helicobacter pylori found
Gastric mucous on surface of epithelium
Why does helicobacter lead to increase in acid production
Due to production of ammonia
List chemical gastritis agents
Alcohol
Drugs (NSAIDs)
Bile reflux
What is the cause of peptic ulceration
Imbalance between acid secretion and mucosal barrier
Where does a peptic ulcer effect anatomically
Lower oesophageal
Body and antrum of stomach
First and second part of duodenum
What are the complications of peptic ulceration
Bleeding: acute causing haemorrhage , chronic anaemia due to rupture of small vessels
Perforation if ulcer is affect all layers
Healing by fibrosis causing obstruction
What can a previous infection of helicobacter pylori cause
Gastric cancer
What is the hisopatholgy of gastric cancer
Adneocarcinoma
Where does gastric cancer commonly spread
Liver
