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Alimentry > Upper GI pathology > Flashcards

Upper GI pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What symptoms do disease of upper GI cause?

A

Pain or indigestion

Retrosternal pain

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2
Q

What does frequent oesophageal reflux cause?

A

Thinking of the squamous epithelium or ulceration
oesophageal epithelium in severe cases
Healing by fibrosis causing stiffening, obstruction
Barrett’s esophagus

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3
Q

What is Barrett’s oesophageal

A

Transformation of the epithelium to one which resemebles small intestine (glandular)

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4
Q

What is the third most common alimentary tract cancer

A

Oesophageal

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5
Q

What are the two histologicsl types of oesophageal cancer

A

Squamous carcinoma

Adenocarcinoma

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6
Q

What causes squamous cell carcinoma

A

Smoking
Diet carcinogens
Alcohol

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7
Q

What causes adenocarinoma

A

Acid flux leading to Barrett’s metaplasia

Obesity (again which cause cause acid reflux therefore Barrett’s)

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8
Q

List the local effects of oesophageal cancer

A

Obstruction
Perforation
Ulceration

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9
Q

Where will oesophageal cancer spread to?

A

Direct: surrounding tissue
Lymph: reeiognal lymph
Blood: liver

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10
Q

What are the 3 pathologies/ of gastritis

A

Autoimmune (type A)
Bacterial (commonest, type B)
Chemical (type C

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11
Q

What are the characteristics to autoimmune gastritis

A

Autoantibodies to parietal and intrinsic factor

Associated with other autoimmune disease

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12
Q

What is the pathology of autoimmune gastritis

A

Atrophy of specialised cells therefore decreased acid secretion and loss of intrinsic factor

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13
Q

Why does autoimmune gastric cause anaemia. What is the anemia called

A

Loss of specialised cells, loss of intrinsic factor therefore in ability to take up VIt B12.
Pernicious anaemia

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14
Q

What bacteria commonly causes bacterial gastritis

A

Helicobacter pylori

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15
Q

What type of bacteria is helicobacter pylori

A

Gram neg

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16
Q

Where is helicobacter pylori found

A

Gastric mucous on surface of epithelium

17
Q

Why does helicobacter lead to increase in acid production

A

Due to production of ammonia

18
Q

List chemical gastritis agents

A

Alcohol
Drugs (NSAIDs)
Bile reflux

19
Q

What is the cause of peptic ulceration

A

Imbalance between acid secretion and mucosal barrier

20
Q

Where does a peptic ulcer effect anatomically

A

Lower oesophageal
Body and antrum of stomach
First and second part of duodenum

21
Q

What are the complications of peptic ulceration

A

Bleeding: acute causing haemorrhage , chronic anaemia due to rupture of small vessels
Perforation if ulcer is affect all layers
Healing by fibrosis causing obstruction

22
Q

What can a previous infection of helicobacter pylori cause

A

Gastric cancer

23
Q

What is the hisopatholgy of gastric cancer

A

Adneocarcinoma

24
Q

Where does gastric cancer commonly spread

A

Liver

Alimentry (9 decks)

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