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Case 1 > UPPER GI DISORDER > Flashcards

UPPER GI DISORDER Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the upper GI (stomach and above)?

A

Ingestion and breakdown of food and breakdown of food

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2
Q

State the function of the lower GI (intestines)

A

Digestion and absorption of the extracted nutrients

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3
Q

What is GORD?

A

Gastroesophageal reflux disease. Exposure of unprotected oesophageal epithelium to acid.

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4
Q

What is dysphagia?

A

Difficulty swallowing

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5
Q

A hiatal hernia is “protrusion of part of the stomach”. True or false

A

True

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6
Q

LOS

A

Lower oesophageal sphincter

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7
Q

What can cause the formation of peptic ulcer disease?

A

Excessive secretion of acid

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8
Q

What can hypochlorhydria (absence/decrease of stomach acid) cause?

A

Increase in gastric infections, poor absorption of vitamin B12 and reduced digestion of ingested food.

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9
Q

Where does the GI extend to and from?

A

Mouth to anus

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10
Q

Which are the 3 glands that are in the salivary glands?

A

Parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands.

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11
Q

What is stomatitis

A

Inflammation of the lining of any of the soft tissues of mouth

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12
Q

Leukoplakia definition

A

Painless white patches on the side of the tongue or cheeks

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13
Q

What is the UOS

A

Upper oesophageal sphincter, skeletal muscle, regulates movement of food from the pharynx to the oesophagus

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14
Q

Causes of GORD

A

Obesity, medication, spicy, acidic or fatty foods, smoking

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15
Q

What does GORD cause

A

Heartburn and pain —> stomach content (pepsin and bile) reflux back into the oesophagus

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16
Q

What are the three types of GORD

A

Non erosive reflux disease (heartburn), erosive oesophagitis (acute inflammatory response), Barrett’s oesophagus (cancer risk)

17
Q

What can hypochlorhydria (decreases in stomach acid volume production) result in?

A

Increase in gastric infections, poor absorption of vitamin B12, reduced digestion of ingested food

18
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A

Gastric acid (HCL), activates pepsin to kill bacteria

19
Q

What do G cells secrete?

A

Gastrin, which stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCL

20
Q

What occurs during the translocation of H+/k+ ATPase to apical membrane

A
  • resting cell H+/K+ ATPase in cytoplasmic vesicles
  • stimulated cell H+/K+ ATPase membrane fused
  • increased surface area and membrane pumps
21
Q

What is gastrin a receptor of?

A

Cholecystokinin B (CKKB/CCK2) receptor

22
Q

What is the gastric phase?

A

Stimulates acid out of stomach
Peptides in foods stimulate G cells
Food increases pH, preventing D cell activity, HCl production increase

23
Q

What is the intestinal phase?

A

Chyme enters duodenum
Less food, decrease in pH, D cell activity, decreasein HCl production, as there is an inhibiton of the release of gastrin ask somatostatin is secreted

24
Q

What are the 7 steps in the mechanism of HCL secretion

A

Co2 diffuses into the parietal cell from plasma
Carbonic acid produced, by carbonic anhydrase
H2CO3 dissociates into H+ and HCO3-
H+/k+ ATPase actively transported H+ out and K+ in
Na+ actively reabsorbed
K+ recycles to gastric lumen, elevated k+ gastric juice
Cl- passively exits cl- channel

25
Q

What is Barrett’s oesophagus

A

When the oesophagus comes into contact with pepsin and bile

26
Q

Which cells are in gastric glands

A

Parietal cells = secrets HCL, intrinsic factor
Mucous cells
Chief cells = pepsinogen = activated or pepsin = digests food

27
Q

What does intrinsic factor do?

A

Absorbs vitamin B12

28
Q

Where is gastric juic secreted

A

Gastric glands

29
Q

What do D cells secrete?

A

Somatostatin

30
Q

What does HCL do?

A

Kills bacteria
Activates pepsin
Denatures protein
Digests food

31
Q

What causes damage to the mucous barrier in the stomach?

A

Bacterial infection = H. Pylori

NSAIDS= inhibit prostaglandins, cannot produce mucous

32
Q

What does somatostatin do?

A

Stop HCL production

33
Q

What are the three phases of food digestion

A

Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal

34
Q

What do prostaglandins do

A

Secrets mucous

35
Q

How is prostaglandin formed

A

Cox 1 enzyme

Converts arachidodonic acid into prostaglandins

Case 1 (3 decks)

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