Upper GI

Question 1

Hiatus hernia

Answer 1

Protrusion of part of stomach into thorax

Question 2

Oesophageal reflux

Answer 2

Reflux of gastric acid into oesophagus

Question 3

Barrett’s Oesophagus

Answer 3

Type of metaplasia that features change from squamous to glandular epithelium, response in some patients to oesophageal reflux.

Question 4

Autoimmune gastritis

Answer 4

Auto-antibodies attack parietal cells and intrinsic factor in stomach.

Question 5

Bacterial Gastritis

Answer 5

Acute and chronic inflammatory response to helicobacter pylori colonisation of stomach

Question 6

Chemical Gastritis

Answer 6

Inflammation of the stomach due to drugs, alcohol or bile reflux

Question 7

Peptic ulceration

Answer 7

Formation of ulcer in oesophagus, stomach or duodenum caused by an unbalanced between acid secretion and strength of mucosal barrier,

Question 8

Adenocarcinoma

Answer 8

Malignant tumour of glandular epithelium

Question 9

Transcoelomic spread

Answer 9

Spread of tumour cells within peritoneal cavity

Question 10

GORD

Answer 10

Persistent gastric reflux accompanied by heartburn symptoms

Question 11

Dysphagia

Answer 11

Subjective sensation of difficulty in swallowing foods and/or liquids

Question 12

Odynophagia

Answer 12

Pain with swallowing

Question 13

Barium Swallow

Answer 13

Contrast radiology used to investigate dysphagia when endoscopy is not possible

Question 14

Manometry

Answer 14

Investigation of muscle contraction in the oesophagus used to diagnose motility disorders

Question 15

Hyper-motility of the oesophagus

Answer 15

Contraction is exaggerated, uncoordinated and hypertonic, produces severe episodic chest pain and/or dysphagia. Corkscrew appearance on barium swallow.

Question 16

Hypo-motility of the oesophagus

Answer 16

Oesophagus is dilated and LOS mechanism is dysfunction causing reflux symptoms. Associated with connective tissue disease, diabetes and neuropathy.

Question 17

Achalasia

Answer 17

Functional loss of myenteric plexus ganglion cells in distal oesophagus resulting in failure of LOS to relax and functional obstruction of distal oesophagus.

Question 18

Myotomy

Answer 18

Surgical operation in which muscles of cardia (LOS) are cut allowing food/liquid to pass into stomach

Question 19

Alarm symptoms in GORD

Answer 19

Dysphagia, weight loss, vomiting

Question 20

Fundoplication

Answer 20

Surgical procedure in which stomach is wrapped around lower oesophagus, increasing pressure in lower oesophagus and reducing acid reflux.

Question 21

Sliding hiatus hernia

Answer 21

Proximal part of stomach slides up and down through hiatus in diaphragm

Question 22

Para-oesophageal hiatus harnia

Answer 22

Fundus of stomach moves up through hiatus in diaphragm to lie alongside the oesophagus

Question 23

Oesophagectomy

Answer 23

Surgical removal of the oesophagus and replacement with conduit. Treatment of early stage oesophageal cancer.

Question 24

Dyspepsia

Answer 24

Group of symptoms including retrosternal pain, pain in upper abdomen, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, bloating, early satiety and heartburn.

Question 25

Red flag symtoms accompanying dyspepsia

Answer 25

Anorexia, weight loss, iron deficiency anaemia, recent onset >55yrs, malaena/haematemesis and dysphagia

Question 26

Helicobacter Pylori

Answer 26

Gram negative bacteria that colonises the stomach and can be found in the mucosa.

Question 27

Urease

Answer 27

Enzyme produced by H. pylori, detected in breath test (converts C13 to C14) or rapid slide urease test

Question 28

Gastritis

Answer 28

Inflammation in gastric mucosa

Question 29

Bariatric Surgery

Answer 29

Surgical procedure utilised to reduce weight.

Question 30

Gastric Band

Answer 30

silicon band inflated with silicon bands that narrows passage into stomach

Question 31

laparoscopic gastric bypass

Answer 31

Food directed straight from opening of stomach to jejunum, reducing absorption of nutrients.

Question 32

laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy

Answer 32

4/5 of stomach removed, removes hormones secrets by funds controlling hunger impulse and causes early satiety.

Question 33

Tetany

Answer 33

Calcium deficiency

Question 34

Oesteomalacia

Answer 34

Softening of bones due to vitamin D deficiency