Upper GI Flashcards
Hiatus hernia
Protrusion of part of stomach into thorax
Oesophageal reflux
Reflux of gastric acid into oesophagus
Barrett’s Oesophagus
Type of metaplasia that features change from squamous to glandular epithelium, response in some patients to oesophageal reflux.
Autoimmune gastritis
Auto-antibodies attack parietal cells and intrinsic factor in stomach.
Bacterial Gastritis
Acute and chronic inflammatory response to helicobacter pylori colonisation of stomach
Chemical Gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach due to drugs, alcohol or bile reflux
Peptic ulceration
Formation of ulcer in oesophagus, stomach or duodenum caused by an unbalanced between acid secretion and strength of mucosal barrier,
Adenocarcinoma
Malignant tumour of glandular epithelium
Transcoelomic spread
Spread of tumour cells within peritoneal cavity
GORD
Persistent gastric reflux accompanied by heartburn symptoms
Dysphagia
Subjective sensation of difficulty in swallowing foods and/or liquids
Odynophagia
Pain with swallowing
Barium Swallow
Contrast radiology used to investigate dysphagia when endoscopy is not possible
Manometry
Investigation of muscle contraction in the oesophagus used to diagnose motility disorders
Hyper-motility of the oesophagus
Contraction is exaggerated, uncoordinated and hypertonic, produces severe episodic chest pain and/or dysphagia. Corkscrew appearance on barium swallow.
Hypo-motility of the oesophagus
Oesophagus is dilated and LOS mechanism is dysfunction causing reflux symptoms. Associated with connective tissue disease, diabetes and neuropathy.
Achalasia
Functional loss of myenteric plexus ganglion cells in distal oesophagus resulting in failure of LOS to relax and functional obstruction of distal oesophagus.
Myotomy
Surgical operation in which muscles of cardia (LOS) are cut allowing food/liquid to pass into stomach
Alarm symptoms in GORD
Dysphagia, weight loss, vomiting
Fundoplication
Surgical procedure in which stomach is wrapped around lower oesophagus, increasing pressure in lower oesophagus and reducing acid reflux.
Sliding hiatus hernia
Proximal part of stomach slides up and down through hiatus in diaphragm
Para-oesophageal hiatus harnia
Fundus of stomach moves up through hiatus in diaphragm to lie alongside the oesophagus
Oesophagectomy
Surgical removal of the oesophagus and replacement with conduit. Treatment of early stage oesophageal cancer.
Dyspepsia
Group of symptoms including retrosternal pain, pain in upper abdomen, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, bloating, early satiety and heartburn.
Red flag symtoms accompanying dyspepsia
Anorexia, weight loss, iron deficiency anaemia, recent onset >55yrs, malaena/haematemesis and dysphagia
Helicobacter Pylori
Gram negative bacteria that colonises the stomach and can be found in the mucosa.
Urease
Enzyme produced by H. pylori, detected in breath test (converts C13 to C14) or rapid slide urease test
Gastritis
Inflammation in gastric mucosa
Bariatric Surgery
Surgical procedure utilised to reduce weight.
Gastric Band
silicon band inflated with silicon bands that narrows passage into stomach
laparoscopic gastric bypass
Food directed straight from opening of stomach to jejunum, reducing absorption of nutrients.
laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy
4/5 of stomach removed, removes hormones secrets by funds controlling hunger impulse and causes early satiety.
Tetany
Calcium deficiency
Oesteomalacia
Softening of bones due to vitamin D deficiency
