Upper Extremity/Trunk Flashcards
Scalenes action? Nerve?
- laterally flex neck
- elevate their respective rib
- spinal nerves C4-C6
What emerges between anterior and middle parts of the scalnes?
The brachial plexus
What could impair the passage of the brachial plexus?
muscle hypertrophy
sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) action? Nerve?
- sidebending neck/head to same side
- rotation of head to opposite side
- accessory nerve
- What are the muscles of mastication?
- What do the muscles of mastication do?
- Nerve?
- large masseter
- temporalis pterygoid
- They move the mandible at the temporomandibular joint (close the mouth, clench the teeth)
- fifth cranial nerve (trigeminal)
What is the strongest jaw muscle?
large masseter
What does the temporalis muscle do?
assists in elevation of the mandible.
What does the pterygoid muscle do?
- elevate
- depress, or protract the mandible or slide it from side to side
What is lateral excursion?
Movement of the jaw from side to side.
What makes Rectus capitis posterior minor so interesting?
Its high density of muscle spindles and its role in proprioception of both the head and cervical spine. Damage may lead to imbalance.
What nerve and artery is in the suboccipital triangle that could lead to headaches?
- suboccipital nerve
- Vertebral artery
Which muscles are in the superficial layer of the back?
- lats
- trapezius
- levator scapulae
- rhomboids
Which muscles are in the intermediate layer of the back?
- splenius capitis
- splenius cervicis
- iliocostalis
- longissimus
- spinalis
Which muscles are in the deep layers of the back?
transversospinalis
What movements does the superficial layer of the back produce?
limb movement
What movements does the deep layer of the back produce?
spinal movement and therefore stabilization
Posterior serratus superior action?
elevates ribs
Posterior serratus inferior action?
depresses ribs
- rotatores brevis and longus action?
- Bilateral
- Unilateral
- bilateral: extension T-spine
- unilateral: rotation to opposite side
- multifidus action?
- bilateral?
- unilateral?
- bilateral: extends spine
- unilateral: flexes spine to same side, rotates to opposite side
semispinalis capitis, cervicis, and thoracis action?
- extends spine and head
- unilateral: flexes to same side
become tight and very painful in FHP
splenius capitis and cervicis
splenius capitis and cervicus action?
- Lateral flexion w/ slight rotation
- Together head extension
Rectus abdominis action? Nerve?
flexes trunk, compresses abdomen thoracic nerve
Pyramidalis action? Nerve?
tenses linea alba Subcostal nerve
External oblique action? bilateral? unilateral?
unilateral: flexes trunk to same side, rotates trunk to opposite side bilateral: flexes trunk, compresses abdomen -Branches of 8-12 (thoracic) intercostal -iliohypogastric -ilioinguinal
Internal oblique action? Nerve?
- Trunk flexion
- lateral flexion
- rotation to the same side
- thoracic intercostal, iliohypogastric, and ilioinguinal
Transversus abdominis action? Nerve?
- unilateral rotates trunk to same side
- bilateral compresses abdomen
- thoracic intercostal, iliohypogastric, and ilioinguinal
Explain how the diaphragm works in inspiration:
When it contracts it:
- pushes downward and spreads out
- increasing vertical dimension of the chest cavity
- increases abdominal pressure
- drives abdominal contents down and out
- increases the transverse size of the chest cavity
- pulls the pleura with it
- lowers pleural pressure
- alveolar pressure drops
- air flows into the lungs
Explain how the diaphragm works in expiration:
- relaxes and returns to its equilibrium position
- diaphragm moves a centimeter or two up and down.
Diaphragm during exercise:
- becomes an active process
- the abdominal muscles contract to raise abdominal pressure
- pushes diaphragm upward
- forces air out of the lungs
- moves more than 10 cm
Diaphragm innervation:
phrenic nerve
- External intercostals action?
- Inernal intercostals action?
- External intercostals
- Inspiration
- Inernal intercostals
- interchondral portion: inspiration
- interosseous portion: forced expiration
Muscles of deep inspiration:
- diaphragm
- external intercostals
- interchondral portion of internal intercostals
- SCM
- scaleni
- serratus posterior
- superior levatores costarum
- pectoralis minor
- trapezius (upper fibers)
- levator scapulae
- thoracic spine extensors
Muscles of forced expiration:
- interosseous portion of internal intercostals
- rectus abdominis
- external and internal oblique abdominis
- serratus posterior inferior
- transversus thoracic
- transverse abdominis
- quadratus lumborum
Suboccipital Triangle muscles:
- Rectus capitis posterior major
- Obliquus capitis superior
- Obliquus capitis inferior
