Upper Extremity Injury: Clinical Correlations Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three mechanisms of fracture?

A

Acute: from sudden impact of large force exceeding strength of the bone Stress: from repetitive submaximal stresses Pathologic: from normal forces to diseased bone

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2
Q

What do you look for on examination of a fracture?

A

Deformity: if bleeding with/without fragment suspect open fracture – orthopedic emergency, needs to be surgically washed out Bony point tenderness Pain with loading bone: indirect loading especially useful

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3
Q

What are some examples of indirect loading tests?

A

Axial loading

Bump test

Fulcrum test

Hop test

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4
Q

What imaging modalities may be used to diagnose a fracture?

A

Plain x-rays

CT scan

Bone scan

MRI

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5
Q

What should be done for fracture treatments?

A

Immobilization

Avoidance of NSAIDS: some animal studies and models show NSAIDS interfere with bone healing via PGs

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6
Q

What bones are vulnerable to lack of blood supply with break?

A

Scaphoid

Talus

Femoral head

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7
Q

What are the contents of the anatomical snuffbox?

A
  • Nerve: radial
  • Vein: cepalic
  • Artery: radial
  • Bone: scaphoid
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8
Q

What is the artery that supplies a large amount of blood to the head of the femur?

A

Medial circumflex femoral artery = most important blood supply to the head and neck of the femur

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9
Q

What does the history and exam look like for arthritis?

A
  • History: Stiffness – especially after rest, worse after prolonged use
  • Exam: joint line tenderness, mild swelling, deformity, symptoms with both passive and active motions
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10
Q

What is arthritis?

A

Damage to articular cartilage surface

Can be acute or chronic

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11
Q

What is capsulitis?

A

Capsular thickening – from inflammation or scarrin g

Idiopathic or post injury – risk factors: injury, diabetes, thyroid disease

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12
Q

How does someone with capsulitis usually present their history?

A

Limited ROM

  • Painful early with decreased ROM (freeze phase)
  • Non-painful with stable, decreased ROM (frozen phase)
  • Non-painful with improving ROM (thawing phase)
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13
Q

What will the exam look like for someone with capsulitis?

A
  • Decreased ROM
  • Gradually tightening endpoint
  • Exam otherwise consistent with underlying etiology
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14
Q

What is used for the treatment of capsulitis?

A
  • Reassurance
  • Educate and set expectations
  • Maintenance of ROM
  • Pain control
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15
Q

What is a good treatment for a rupture of the long head of the biceps?

A

Clinical observation (nothing) – usually does quite well on its own

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16
Q

What are some key components to consider when treating musculotendinous ruptures?

A
  • Impact of absence of muscle
  • Presence of alternative muscles
  • Functional requirements of patient
17
Q

What is enthesopathy?

A

A disorder of muscular or tendinous bony attachment

18
Q

What is tendonitis?

A

Technically acute inflammation of the tendon

Traumatic – blow or pull

19
Q

What is tendinosis?

A

Chronic degenerative condition of tendon

Chronic – submaximal repetitive irritation

20
Q

How do most AC (acromioclavicular) sprains occur?

A

Most commonly from a fall directly onto shoulder

21
Q

What does presentation and exam of AC sprain look like?

A

Presentation: pain with overhead motions, deformity of superior shoulder

Exam: pain and deformity of AC joint, pain with cross body adduction of arm (positive cross-chest test), painful arc of abduction over 150 degrees

22
Q

Explain the grading of AC injuries.

A

Grade 1: AC ligament injury

Grade 2: AC ligament tear and coracoclavicular (CC) liagment stretch

Grade 3: complete tears of both AC and CC ligaments

23
Q

What is a sprain? What are some symptoms?

A

Ligamentous damage from overloading

Symptoms: Instability or laxity, swelling

24
Q

Explain the grading of sprains.

A

Grade 1: microscopic damage, no increased laxity, but pain with stress

Grade 2: partial tear, increased laxity and pain

Grade 3: complete tear, significant laxity

25
Q

Which way is the shoulder most likely to dislocate?

A

Anteriorly – usually due to forced extension, abduction and external rotatin of arm or a direct blow to posterior shoulder

26
Q

Which nerve is most likely to get hurt with anterior shoulder disloation? How would you test this?

A

Axillary nerve

Test with ability to abduct the arm because the deltoid is innervated by the axillary nerve

27
Q

What are the various terms used to describe joint stability?

A
  • Dislocation: complete displacement
  • Subluxation: transient, partial displacement
  • Laxity: normal varient in “joint looseness”
28
Q

What is the most effective passive stabilizer of the shoulder?

A

Vacuum phenomena: negative pressure associated with keeping humoral head in place

29
Q

What does the exam for shoulder dislocation look like?

A
  • Arm held by opposite hand in slight abduction and external rotation
  • Alteration of shoulder contouring: prominent acromion, humeral head anterior to acromion and adjacent to coracoid
  • Check sensation of axillary (deltoid area) and musculocutaneous (forearm) nerves
  • Positive apprehension test
30
Q

What causes carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Impingement of palmar cutaneous branch of median nerve

31
Q

What clincal findings are consistent with carpal tunnel?

A

Patient awakens at night with tingling, pain, or both in sensory distribution of median nerve (volar side of radial 3.5 digits)

Thenar atrophy with PROLONGED carpal tunnel

32
Q

Do you need surgery with a rotator cuff tear?

A

Not necessarily. There are a lot of other muscles that can still do the work.