Upper Extremity Injury: Clinical Correlations Flashcards
What are the three mechanisms of fracture?
Acute: from sudden impact of large force exceeding strength of the bone Stress: from repetitive submaximal stresses Pathologic: from normal forces to diseased bone
What do you look for on examination of a fracture?
Deformity: if bleeding with/without fragment suspect open fracture – orthopedic emergency, needs to be surgically washed out Bony point tenderness Pain with loading bone: indirect loading especially useful
What are some examples of indirect loading tests?
Axial loading
Bump test
Fulcrum test
Hop test
What imaging modalities may be used to diagnose a fracture?
Plain x-rays
CT scan
Bone scan
MRI
What should be done for fracture treatments?
Immobilization
Avoidance of NSAIDS: some animal studies and models show NSAIDS interfere with bone healing via PGs
What bones are vulnerable to lack of blood supply with break?
Scaphoid
Talus
Femoral head
What are the contents of the anatomical snuffbox?
- Nerve: radial
- Vein: cepalic
- Artery: radial
- Bone: scaphoid
What is the artery that supplies a large amount of blood to the head of the femur?
Medial circumflex femoral artery = most important blood supply to the head and neck of the femur
What does the history and exam look like for arthritis?
- History: Stiffness – especially after rest, worse after prolonged use
- Exam: joint line tenderness, mild swelling, deformity, symptoms with both passive and active motions
What is arthritis?
Damage to articular cartilage surface
Can be acute or chronic
What is capsulitis?
Capsular thickening – from inflammation or scarrin g
Idiopathic or post injury – risk factors: injury, diabetes, thyroid disease
How does someone with capsulitis usually present their history?
Limited ROM
- Painful early with decreased ROM (freeze phase)
- Non-painful with stable, decreased ROM (frozen phase)
- Non-painful with improving ROM (thawing phase)
What will the exam look like for someone with capsulitis?
- Decreased ROM
- Gradually tightening endpoint
- Exam otherwise consistent with underlying etiology
What is used for the treatment of capsulitis?
- Reassurance
- Educate and set expectations
- Maintenance of ROM
- Pain control
What is a good treatment for a rupture of the long head of the biceps?
Clinical observation (nothing) – usually does quite well on its own