Upper Extremity Flashcards
1
Q
What is the anatomical position?
A
Face up, palms forward, feet flexed
2
Q
Name the (3) planes the in which the body can be divided
A
Sagittal Plane
Transverse Plane
Coronal/Frontal Plane
3
Q
What are the 4 types bones and give an example of each.
A
Long bone (humerus), short bone (talus), flat bone (sternum), irregular bone (vertebra)
4
Q
What is an epiphysis?
A
End of a long bone, sponges bone
5
Q
What covers the epiphysis?
A
Articular cartilage
6
Q
What is a diaphysis?
A
The shaft of the bone, compact bone, encloses medullary cavity
7
Q
What does an osteoclasts do?
A
Resorbs old bone tissue
8
Q
What does an osteoblasts do?
A
Forms new bone cells
9
Q
What are 3 types of cartilage?
A
Hyaline, Elastic, fibrocartilage
10
Q
What is the most abundant cartilage in the body?
A
Hyaline cartilage
11
Q
What type of cartilage can tolerate repeated bending?
A
Elastic cartilage (example ear)
12
Q
What cartilage resists strong compression and tension?
A
Fibrocartilage (example inter-vertebral discs)
13
Q
What are the three main types of joints?
A
Synovial Joint
Cartilaginous joint
Fibrous joint
14
Q
What is the most mobile type of synovial joint?
A
Ball & socket
15
Q
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
A
Synchondroses
Symphyses
16
Q
What type of cartilage is in synchondroses joints?
A
Hylaine cartilage (not much movement)
17
Q
What type of cartilage is in symphyses joints?
A
Fibrocartilage (good with impact, in vertebrae and pubic symphysis)
18
Q
What are the three types of fibrous joints?
A
Suture
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis (don’t need to know this one)
19
Q
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
A
31 pairs of spinal nerves
20
Q
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
A
12 pairs of cranial nerves
21
Q
How many vertebrae are there? How many per section?
A
33 total 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 segments of sacrum m (fused) 4 segments of coccyx
22
Q
Where do the spinal nerves leave the spinal column?
A
In the intervertebral foramen
23
Q
What type of nerve(s) are in the dorsal root?
A
Sensory axon and cell bodies
24
Q
What type of nerve(s) are in the ventral root?
A
Motor neuron axons
25
What type of nerve(s) are in the dorsal ramus?
Both sensory and motor neurons
26
What type of nerve(s) are in the ventral ramus?
Both sensory and motor neurons
27
What is the difference between dermatomes and myotomes?
```
Derma= skin
Myo= muscle
```
28
How may (spinal) dermatomes are there in the body?
31 (# of spinal nerve pairs)
29
If somebody lost feeling in their thumb, what nerve was affected?
C6
30
What dermatome includes the pinky finger?
C8
31
What dermatome includes the middle finger?
C7
32
What dermatome includes the nipples?
T4
33
What dermatome includes the belly button?
T10
34
What nerves innervate the anterior lower extremity?
L1-L5
35
What nerves innervate the posterior lower extremity?
S1-S5
36
What nerves innervate the bottom of the foot?
L4 & L5
37
What type of muscle fibre directions provide the most force?
Multipennate
38
What is the direction of the fibres in pectoralis major?
Convergent
39
Between Parallel fibres and pinnate fibres which allow for a large range of motion and which allows maximal force?
Parallel: large range of motion
Pennate: maximal force
40
What is an isometric contraction?
Muscle remains the same length but the tension increases.
| No movement but there is more tension. Think holding a glass and adding water.
41
What is an isotonic contraction?
Muscle changes in length and the tension stays the same.
42
What is the difference between concentric and eccentric isotonic contractions?
Concentric: muscle shortens
Eccentric: muscle lengthens
43
How are muscles attached to bones?
By tendons
44
What is the insertion/distal end?
The movable portion of the attachment
45
What is the origin/proximal end?
The less movable attachment
46
What is fascia?
Connective tissue that binds dustless to overlying skin or binds groups of muscles together.
47
What are the movements of the scapula? (3 opposing)
Elevation & Depression
Protraction & Retraction
Medial rotation (downward rotation) & Lateral rotation (upward rotation)
48
Trapezius origin(proximal)
External occipital protuberance (‘hole’ in base of skull)
Medial 1/3 of Superior Nuchal line (line along base of skull)
Ligamentum Nuchae (along spine)
Spinous processes & Supraspinous ligaments of C7-T12 vertebrae
49
Trapezius insertion(distal)
Lateral third of Clavicle
| Acromion & Spine of Scapula
50
Trapezius actions
Retract, elevate & depress the scapula
| Lateral rotation of the scapula during abduction of arm
51
Trapezius nerve supply
Spinal part of accessory nerve (Cranial nerve 11)
| C3 & C4
52
What muscles are used for rotation of the scapula?
Trapezius (twist the spine of scapula) and serrated anterior (pulls of inferior angle)
53
Levator Scapulae origin(proximal)
Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C4 vertebrae
54
Levator Scapulae insertion(distal)
Medial border of scapula above the spine (next to superior angle)
55
Levator Scapulae actions
Elevates and medically rotates scapula
56
Levator Scapulae nerve supply
Dorsal scapular nerve
57
Rhomboid minor origin(proximal)
Nuchal ligament & spinous processes of C7-T1
58
Rhomboids minor insertion(distal)
Medial border of scapula at the root of the spine
59
Rhomboid minor actions
Retract & medially rotate scapula
60
Rhomboid minor nerve supply
Dorsal scapular nerve
61
Rhomboid major origin(proximal)
Spinous processes of T2-T5 vertebrae
62
Rhomboid major insertion(distal)
Medial border of scapula below the spine
63
Rhomboid major actions
Retract & medially rotate scapula
64
Rhomboid major nerve supply
Dorsal scapular nerve
65
Serratus anterior origin(proximal)
External surfaces of ribs 1-8
66
Serratus anterior insertion(distal)
Anterior surface of medial border of scapula
67
Serratus anterior actions
Protracts scapula
Rotates scapula
Holds the scapula against the thoracic wall
68
Serratus anterior nerve supply
Long thoracic nerve
69
What is winging of the scapula caused by?
Weakness or paralysis of the long thoracic nerve which supplies the Serratus anterior muscle.
70
Pectoralis major origin(proximal)
Medial half of clavicle
Sternum
First 6 costal cartilages
Aponeurosis of external oblique
71
Pectoralis major insertion(distal)
Lateral lip of intertubercular groove of humerus
72
Pectoralis major actions
Adducts arm
Flexes arm
Rotates arm medially
73
Pectoralis major nerve supply
Medial & lateral pectoral nerves
74
Pectoralis minor origin(proximal)
External surfaces of ribs 3, 4, 5
75
Pectoralis minor insertion(distal)
Coracoid process of the scapula
76
Pectoralis minor actions
Stabilizes the scapula, it is a fixator
77
Pectoralis minor nerve supply
Medial pectoral nerve
78
Latissimus Dorsi origin(proximal)
Spinous processes of T6-T12 vertebrae
Thoracolumbar fascia
Iliac crest
Inferior 3 or 4 ribs
79
Latissimus Dorsi insertion(distal)
Floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
80
Latissimus Dorsi actions
Extends, adducts and medially rotates arm
| Accessory muscle of respiration
81
Latissimus Dorsi nerve supply
Thoracodosal nerve
82
What muscles help elevate the scapula? (4)
Trapezius
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor
83
What muscles help depress the scapula? (5)
```
Trapezius
Serratus anterior
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Latissimus dorsi
(And gravity)
```
84
What muscles help retract the scapula? (4)
Trapezius
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor
Latissimus dorsi
85
What muscles help protract the scapula? (3)
Serratus anterior
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
86
What muscles help medially rotate (Downward rotation) the scapula? (6)
```
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
(And gravity)
```
87
What muscles help laterally rotate (upward rotation) the scapula? (2)
Trapezius
| Serratus anterior
88
What are the (3) joints in the pectoral girdle?
Sternoclavicular joint
Acromioclavicular joint
Scapulohumeral joint
89
What is the only articulation between the upper extremity and axial skeleton?
The sternoclavicular joint
90
What type of cartilage is the intraarticular disc of the sternoclavicular joint?
Fibrocartilage
91
When the clavicle is fractured, what pulls on the separated parts that make it worse?
The sternocleidomastoid pulls up on medial end
Gravity pulls the arm down which pulls the lateral end down
The Pectoralis major pulls the humerus medially which pulls the lateral end of the clavicle medially which could cause overriding of the fractured ends of the clavicle
92
What way does the clavicle rotate when the arm is flexed or abducted?
Posterior rotation
93
What (3) ligaments are associated with the acromioclavicular joint?
Acromioclavicular ligament
Coraco-acromial ligament (connects two parts of the clavicle)
Coracoclavicular ligament - divides into trapezoid ligament and conoid ligament
94
What is the difference between shoulder separation and dislocation?
Separation: the dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint. The acromioclavicular ligament ruptures, this can be accompanied by rupture of the coracoclavicular ligament as well but not always
Shoulder dislocation: head of humerus displaced from the glenoid cavity
95
What is the glenoid labrum?
A fibrocartilaginous rim of the glenoid that helps to increase the depth of the glenoid.
96
What are the (4) muscles that form the rotator cuff?
```
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis
(SITS muscles)
```
97
Subscapularis origin(proximal)
Subscapular fossa on anterior surface of scapula
98
Subscapularis insertion(distal)
Lesser tuberosity of the humerus
99
Subscapularis action
Medial rotation (of the arm?)
100
Subscapularis nerve supply
Upper and lower subscapular nerves
101
Supraspinatus origin(proximal)
Supraspinous fossa of scapula
102
Supraspinatus insertion(distal)
Upper part of the greater tuberosity of the humerus
| Capsule of the shoulder joint
103
Supraspinatus action
Abduction of arm
Draws humerus toward the glenoid fossa (keeps it in place)
Weak lateral rotator and flexor
104
Supraspinatus nerve supply
Suprascapular nerve (C5)
105
Infraspinatus origin(proximal)
Infraspinous fossa of the scapula
106
Infraspinatus insertion(distal)
Middle facet of the greater tuberosity of the humerus
107
Infraspinatus actions
Laterally rotates the arm
Abducts arm
Adducts arm
Draws humerus toward the glenoid fossa (keeps it in place)
108
Infraspinatus nerve supply
Suprascapular nerve (C5, C6)
109
Teres minor origin(proximal)
Upper two-thirds of the dorsal surface of the axillary border of the scapula
110
Teres minor insertion(distal)
Laterally rotates arm
Weakly adducts arm
Draws humerus toward glenoid fossa (keeps in place)
111
Teres minor nerve supply
Axillary nerve (C5)
112
What are the (3) bursae around the shoulder joint?
Subacromial bursa
Tendon sheath (sleeve of bursa)
Subscapular bursa
113
What muscle does the first 15 degrees of abduction?
Supraspinatus
114
Which is more common, anterior or posterior shoulder dislocation?
Anterior shoulder dislocation is more common
115
Why is a shoulder dislocation always inferior and never superior?
The acromion blocks the humerus from dislocating superiorly
116
Teres Major origin(proximal)
Posterior surface of inferior angle of scapula
117
Teres Major insertion(distal)
Medial lip of intertubercular sulcus
118
Teres Major actions
Adducts and medially rotates arm
119
Teres Major nerve supply
Lower subscapular nerve
120
Deltoid origin(proximal)
Lateral third of clavicle
Acromion
Lower lip of spine of scapula
121
Deltoid insertion(distal)
Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus
122
Deltoid actions
Flexion & Extension
Medial & Lateral rotation
Abduction (15-90 degrees)
123
Deltoid nerve supply
Axillary nerve
124
What part of the Deltoid does flexion?
Clavicular (anterior) part of deltoid
125
What part of the Deltoid does abduction?
Middle part of deltoid
126
What part of the Deltoid does extension?
Spinal (posterior) part of deltoid
127
What needs to happen to abduct >90 degrees?
Lateral rotation of humerus is required
128
What muscles help flex the arm?
Deltoid
| Pectoralis major
129
What muscles help extend the arm?
Deltoid
| Latissimus Dorsi
130
What muscles help adduct the arm?
```
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Teres Major
Pectoralis major
Latissimus Dorsi
```
131
What muscles help abduct the arm?
Deltoid (15-90 degrees)
| Supraspinatus (0-15 degrees)
132
What muscles help medially rotate the arm?
```
Deltoid
Subscapularis
Teres major
Pectoralis major
Latissimus Dorsi
```
133
What muscles help laterally rotate the arm?
Deltoid
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
134
What is the only place that nerves and blood vessels can get into the upper limb?
Cervico-axillary canal
135
What is the posterior limit of the axilla?
Scapula
136
What is the anterior limit of the axilla?
Clavicle
137
What is the medial limit of the axilla?
1st rib
138
What are the (2) muscles that make up the anterior wall of axilla?
Pectoralis major
| Pectoralis minor
139
What are the (2) components that make up the medial wall of axilla?
Serratus anterior
| 4th rib
140
What are the (4) components that make up the posterior wall of axilla?
Terres major
Latissius Dorsi
Subscapularis
Scapula
141
What are the contents of the axilla?
```
Axillary artery
Axillary vein
Brachial plexus
Axillary lymph nodes
Axillary fat
```
142
What part of the cell makes up the grey matter?
Cell bodies
143
What part of the cell makes up white matter?
Axons
144
Where are Ganglion located?
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
145
Where are (nerve) Nuclei found?
Central Nervous System (CNS)
146
What type of neurons are found in the anterior horn?
Motor neurons
147
What type of neurons are found in the posterior horn?
Sensory neurons
148
Are motor neurons multipolar or pseudounipolar?
Motor = multipolar
149
Are sensory neurons multipolar or pseudounipolar?
Sensory = pseudounipolar
150
Are motor fibres afferent or efferent?
Motor = efferent
151
Are sensory fibres afferent or efferent?
Sensory = afferent
152
Order from most lateral to most medial: Spinal nerve
Dorsal and Ventral Roots
Dorsal and Ventral Rami
Dorsal and Ventral Rami
Spinal nerve
Dorsal and Ventral Roots
153
How may cervical nerves and vertebrae are there?
8 nerves
| 7 vertebrae
154
Is the C1 nerve located superior or inferior to the C1 vertebra?
C1 nerve is superior to the C1 vertebra
155
Where is the C8 nerve located?
C8 nerve is inferior to the C7 vertebra and superior to the T1 vertebra
156
Is the T1 nerve located superior or inferior to the T1 vertebra?
T1 nerve is inferior to the T1 vertebra
157
What are the 5 major segments of the Brachial plexus?
```
Axillary nerve
Musculocutaneous nerve
Radial nerve
Median nerve
Ulnar nerve
```
158
What are the divisions of the brachial plexus? (Vertically)
```
Roots
Trunks
Divisions
Cords
Branches (terminal/ peripheral nerves)
```
159
What (3) nerves innervate the hand?
Radial, medial, ulnar
160
What innervates all the muscles in the anterior arm?
Musculocutaneous nerve
161
Coracobrachialis origin (proximal)
Coracoid process
162
Coracobrachialis insertion(distal)
Middle third of the medial surface of humerus
163
Coracobrachialis actions
Flexes arm
| Weakly adducts arm
164
Coracobrachialis nerve supply
Musculocutaneous nerve
165
Biceps Brachii origin(proximal) long and short heads
Long head- supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
| Short head- coracoid process of scapula
166
Biceps Brachii insertion(distal)
Radial tuberosity
| Bicipital aponeurosis into deep fascia on medial part of forearm
167
Biceps Brachii actions
Flexes forearm
Supinates forearm
Weak flexor of arm (short head)
Stabilizes shoulder (long head)
168
Biceps Brachii nerve supply
Musculocutaneous nerve
169
Brachialis origin(proximal)
Anterior lower half of humerus
170
Brachialis insertion(distal)
Ulna (proximal end)
171
Brachialis actions
Flexes forearm
172
Brachialis nerve supply
Musculocutaneous nerve
173
Brachioradialis origin(proximal)
Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
174
Brachioradialis insertion(distal)
Lateral distal end of radius and its styloid process
175
Brachioradialis actions
Flexes forearm from mid-prone position (neutral, not supinated or pronated)
Pronate and supinate forearm
176
Brachioradialis nerve supply
Radial nerve
177
What innervates all muscles in the posterior arm and forearm?
Radial nerve
178
Triceps brachii origin(proximal) long head, lateral head, and medial head
Long head- infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
| Lateral and medial heads- posterior surface of the shaft of humerus
179
Triceps brachii insertion(distal)
Olecranon process of ulna
180
Triceps brachii actions
```
Extends forearm (all three heads)
Long head extends arm
```
181
Triceps brachii nerve supply
Radial nerve
182
What kind of joint is the middle radioulnar joint?
Syndesmosis joint, consists of the interosseous membrane
183
Pronator teres origin(proximal)
Medial epicondyle of humerus
184
Pronator teres insertion(distal)
Middle of lateral surface of the radius
185
Pronator teres actions
Pronates and flexes forearm
186
Pronator teres nerve supply
Median nerve
187
What is the deepest muscle in the forearm?
Pronator quadratus
188
Pronator quadratus origin(proximal)
Anterior surface of distal part of ulna
189
Pronator quadratus insertion(distal)
Lower portion of anterior surface of radius
190
Pronator quadratus actions
Pronates forearm and hand
191
Pronator quadratus nerve supply
Median nerve
192
Supinator origin(proximal)
Lateral epicondyle of humerus and proximal ulna
193
Supinator insertion(distal)
Dorsal and lateral surfaces of upper third of radius
194
Supinator actions
Supinates forearm and hand
195
Supinator nerve supply
Radial nerve
196
What are the (4) proximal carpal bones from medial to lateral?
Pisiform (anterior to Tq)
Triquetrum
Lunate
Scaphoid
197
What are the (4) distal carpal bones from medial to lateral?
Hamate
Capitate
Trapezoid
Trapezium
198
What articulates the radius to form the wrist joint? (Radiocarpal joint)
3 carpal bones: Scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum
199
What innervates all of the muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm?
Radial nerve
200
What innervates almost all of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm?
Median nerve
201
Flexor carpi radialis origin(proximal)
Medial epicondyle of humerus
202
Flexor carpi radialis insertion(distal)
Anterior aspect of the bases of the second and third metacarpal bones
203
Flexor carpi radialis actions
Flexes and abducts the hand at the wrist joint
204
Flexor carpi radialis nerve supply
Median nerve
205
Flexor carpi ulnaris origin(proximal)
Medial epicondyle of humerus
206
Flexor carpi ulnaris insertion(distal)
Pisiform bone and base of the 5th metacarpal bone
207
Flexor carpi ulnaris actions
Flexes and adducts the hand at the wrist joint
208
Flexor carpi ulnaris nerve supply
```
Ulnar nerve
(This is the one exception to the anterior median nerve rule)
```
209
Palmaris longus origin(proximal)
Medial epicondyle of humerus
210
Palmaris longus insertion(distal)
Palmar aponeurosis
211
Palmaris longus actions
Flexes the hand at the wrist
212
Palmaris longus nerve supply
Median nerve
213
Extensor carpi radialis longus origin(proximal)
Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
214
Extensor carpi radialis longus insertion(distal)
Posterior surface of the second metacarpal bone
215
Extensor carpi radialis longus actions
Extends and abducts hand at wrist joint
216
Extensor carpi radialis longus nerve supply
Radial nerve
217
Extensor carpi radialis brevis origin(proximal)
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
218
Extensor carpi radialis brevis insertion(distal)
Posterior surface of the third metacarpal bone
219
Extensor carpi radialis brevis actions
Extends and abducts hand at wrist
220
Extensor carpi radialis brevis nerve supply
Radial nerve
221
Extensor carpi ulnaris origin(proximal)
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
222
Extensor carpi ulnaris insertion(distal)
Posterior surface of 5th metacarpal bone
223
Extensor carpi ulnaris actions
Extends and adducts hand at wrist joint
224
Extesor carpi ulnaris nerve supply
Radial nerve
225
What nerve controls pronation?
Median nerve (pronator teres and pronator quadratus)
226
What nerve(s) controls supination?
Musculocutaneous nerve (biceps brachii) and radial nerve (supinator)
227
What (3) muscles flex the wrist?
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Palmaris longus
228
What (3) muscles extend the wrist?
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor carpi ulnaris
229
What (3) muscles radially/laterally deviate (abduct) the wrist?
Flexor carpi radialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
230
What (2) muscles ulnarly/medially deviate (adduct) the wrist?
Flexor carpi ulnaris
| Extensor carpi ulnaris
231
What muscles are used to circumduct the wrist?
All of the wrist muscles
| FCR, FCU, ECRL, ECRB, ECU
232
What nerves are injured in Erb’s palsy?
C5 & C6 nerve roots contribute to the median and radial nerves
233
What nerves are injured in Klumpke’s palsy?
C8 & T1 nerve roots which contribute to the radial, median, and ulnar nerves
234
What nerve is injured (or compressed) in Saturdal nigh palsy/ Crutch palsy / Wrist drop?
Radial nerve
| Can happen from arm hanging over arm rest of a chair
235
Where does the ulnar nerve and artery enter the hand?
Guyon’s tunnel, between the pisiform and hook of hamate.
236
Which carpal bone is most likely to pop out of place? What problems can this cause?
Lunate because it is wider anteriorly than posteriorly (opposite from others).
Pops into the carpal tunnel, if the vascularity is impacted, it can cause avascular necrosis.
237
Which carpal bone is essential for all thumb movements?
Trapezium and it’s saddle joint with the 1st metacarpal
238
Which joint is most involved in radial deviation (wrist abduction)?
Midcarpal joint
239
Which joint is most involved in ulnar deviation (wrist adduction)?
Radiocarpal joint
240
Which joint is more involved in wrist flexion?
Midcarpal joint
241
Which joint is more involved in wrist extension?
Radiocarpal joint
242
Which actions partake at the radiocarpal joint?
Extension and Adduction
243
What actions partake at the midcarpal joint?
Flexion and Abduction
244
What is the shape of abduction and adduction of the thumb?
Abduction: Shake hand position
Adduction: high five/flat hand
245
What is the positions for extension and flexion of the thumb?
Extension: ASL L shape
Flexion: ASL B shape
246
What is thumb opposition?
Touching tips of fingers to thumb
| ASL #6,7,8,9
247
Flexor digitorum superficialis origin(proximal)
Medial epicondyle of humerus, proximal ulna and anterior shaft of radius
248
Flexor digitorum superficialis insertion(distal)
Four tendons divide into two slips each and attach to the sides of the middle phalanges of the four fingers.
249
Flexor digitorum superficialis actions
Flexes the four fingers at the PIP joints
250
Flexor digitorum superficialis nerve supply
Median nerve
251
Flexor digitorum profundus origin(proximal)
Anterior shaft of ulna and interosseous membrane
252
Flexor digitorum profundus insertion(distal)
Four tendons attach to the anterior spect of the distal phalanges of the four fingers
253
Flexor digitorum profundus actions
Flexes four fingers at the DIP joints
254
Flexor digitorum profundus nerve supply
```
Median nerve (supplies index and middle finger)
Ulnar nerve (supplies ring and little finger)
```
255
What are the 2 synovial sheaths for tendons and what do they do?
Common flexor sheath
Digital synovial sheath
They prevent friction between tendons
256
What are the 2 types of fibrous digital sheaths? What do they do?
Annular (ring) and cruciform (cross)
| They keep the tendons next to the bone
257
Flexor pollicis longus insertion(distal)
Anterior aspect of the distal phalange of the thumb
258
Flexor pollicis longus actions
Flexes thumb at IP joint
259
Flexor pollicis longus nerve supply
Median nerve
260
What nerve is impacted in carpal tunnel syndrome?
Median nerve is entrapped in the carpal tunnel
261
What is the top of the carpal tunnel?
Flexor retinaculum tendon
262
Extensor digitorum origin(proximal)
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
263
Extensor digitorum insertion(distal)
Dorsal surfaces of all phalanges of the four fingers, through the extensor hood
264
Extensor digitorum actions
Extends fingers and wrist
265
Extensor digitorum nerve supply
Radial nerve
266
Extensor indicis insertion(distal)
Posterior aspect of the index finger
267
Extensor indicis actions
Extends index finger
268
Extensor indicis nerve supply
Radial nerve
269
Extensor digiti minimi origin(proximal)
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
270
Extensor digiti minimi insertion(distal)
Posterior aspect of the little finger
271
Extensor digiti minimi actions
Extends little finger
272
Extensor digiti minimi nerve supply
Radial nerve
273
Abductor pollicis longus origin(proximal)
Posterior aspect of the shaft of the radius, ulna, and interosseous membrane
274
Abductor pollicis longus insertion(distal)
Posterior aspect of the 1st metacarpal bone
275
Abductor pollicis longus actions
Abducts thumb
276
Abductor pollicis longus nerve supply
Radial nerve
277
Extensor pollicis longus origin(proximal)
Posterior surface of ulna and interosseous membrane
278
Extensor pollicis longus insertion(distal)
Distal phalanx of thumb
279
Extensor pollicis longus actions
Extends thumb
280
Extensor pollicis longus nerve supply
Radial nerve
281
Extensor pollicis brevis origin(proximal)
Posterior surface of radius and interosseous membrane
282
Extensor pollicis brevis insertion(distal)
Proximal phalanx of thumb
283
Extensor pollicis brevis actions
Extends thumb at metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint
284
Exensor pollicis brevis nerve supply
Radial nerve
285
Which tendons pass through the first compartment on the dorsal wrist?
Abductor pollicis longus
| Extensor pollicis brevis
286
Which tendons pass through the second compartment on the dorsal wrist?
Extensor carpi radialis longus
| Extensor carpi radialis brevis
287
Which tendons pass through the third compartment on the dorsal wrist?
Extensor pollicis longus
288
Which tendons pass through the fourth compartment on the dorsal wrist?
Tendons for the digitorum (4)
| Extensor indicis
289
Which tendons pass through the fifth compartment on the dorsal wrist?
Extensor digiti minimi
290
Which tendons pass through the sixth compartment on the dorsal wrist?
Extensor carpi ulnaris
291
What are the borders of the snuff box?
Extensor pollicis longus (lateral? side)
| Extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus (medial? side)
292
What are the 3 thenar muscles?
Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis
293
What are the 3 hypothenar muscles?
Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi
Oppenens digiti minimi
294
What nerve(s) innervate the thenar muscles?
Recurrent brach of median nerve
| Flexor pollicis brevis deep head is innervated by the ulnar nerve
295
What nerve(s) innervates the hypothenar muscles?
Ulnar nerve
296
Abductor pollicis brevis action
Abducts the thumb
297
Flexor pollicis brevis action
Flexes the thumb
298
Opponens pollicis actions
Opposes the thumb and rates the first metacarpal medially
299
Abductor digiti minimi actions
Abducts the 5th digit and assists in flexion of its proximal phalanx
300
Flexor digiti minimi brevis action
Flexes proximal phalanx of 5th digit
301
Opponens digiti minimi actions
Draws 5th metacarpal anterior and rotates it
| Brings 5th digit into opposition with the thum
302
1st & 2nd lumbricals origin(proximal)
Lateral 2 tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus (for index and middle fingers)
303
3rd & 4th lumbricals origin(proximal)
Medial 3 tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus (for middle, ring, and pinky)
304
Lumbricals insertions(distal)
Lateral sides of the extensor expansions of 2nd-5th digits
305
1st & 2nd lumbricals nerve supply
Median nerve
306
3rd & 4th lumbricals nerve supply
Ulnar nerve
307
Lumbricals actions
Flex the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints
| Help extend the interphalangeal joints of the fingers
308
Which lumbericals are bipennate and which are unipennate?
```
Uni= 1 & 2
Bi= 3 & 4
```
309
Interossei nerve supply
Deep branch of the ulnar nerve
310
Dorsal interossei actions
Abduct fingers
311
Palmar interossei actions
Adduct fingers
312
How many dorsal and palmar interossei are there?
```
Dorsal = 4
Palmar = 3
```
313
Dorsal interossei origins(proximal)
Adjacent sides of two metacarpals
314
Dorsal interossei insertions(distal)
Bases of proximal phalanges
| Extensor expansions of 2nd-4th digits
315
Palmar interossei origins(proximal)
Palmar surfaces of 2nd, 4th, and 5th metacarpals
316
Palmar interossei insertions(distal)
Bases of proximal phalanges
| Extensor expansions of 2nd, 4th, and 5th digits.
317
Adductor pollicis origin(proximal)
Oblique head- anterior surfaces of 2nd and 3rd metacarpals
| Transverse head- anterior surface of 3rd metacarpal
318
Adductor pollicis insertion(distal)
Base of proximal phalanx of the thumb
319
Adductor pollicis nerve supply
Ulnar nerve
320
Adductor pollicis action
Adducts the thumb
321
What does the median nerve innervate in the hand?
3 thenar muscles (not the deep head of flexor pollicis brevis)
1st & 2nd lumbricals
Cutaneous innervationn of radial 2/3 of the palm and the lateral 3 and 1/2 digits (only to PIP)
322
What does the ulnar nerve innervate in the hand?
```
Hypothenar muscles
3rd & 4th lumbricals
Dorsal and palmar interossei
Adductor pollicis
Deep head of flexor pollicis brevis
Cutaneous ulner side of hand and medial 1 1/2 fingers
```
323
All the muscles in the hand are innervated by nerves supplied from ____.
C8 and T1
324
Which nerve and muscles are affected in Claw hand?
Ulnar nerve
| 3rd & 4th lumbricals
325
What are the characteristics of Claw hand?
Pinky and ring finger are:
Hyper-extended MCP
Flexed PIP & DIP
326
What are characteristics of Duputren’s contracture?
Pinky and ring figer are flexed at MCP and PIP, DIP is not as likely to be flexed.
327
What does the median nerve innervate in the forearm, hand, and cutaneous?
```
Forearm:
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmar longus
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor digitorum profundus (lateral half)
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus
```
```
Hand:
Abductor pollicis brevis
opponens pollicis
Superficial head of flexor pollicis brevis
Lumbricals 1 & 2
```
Cutaneous:
Radial 3 and 1/2 fingers
328
What does the ulnar nerve innervate in the forearm and hand?
Forearm:
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum profundus (medial half)
```
Hand:
Hypothenar muscles
Interossei
Lumbricals 3 & 4
Adductor pollicis
```
