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Anatomy 5000 > Trunk > Flashcards

Trunk Flashcards

1
Q

Which vertebrae are typical cervical?

A

C3-C6

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2
Q

What is the other name for the C1 vertebra?

A

Atlas

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3
Q

What is the other name for the C2 vertebra?

A

Axis

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4
Q

What is the name of the areas of the vertebrae that connect to the upper and lower vertebrae?

A

Superior & inferior articular facets

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5
Q

What is the name of the joint between the C1 & C2 vertebrae called?

A

Atlantoaxial joint

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6
Q

Which type of vertebrae has a bifid spinous process?

A

Cervical vertebrae

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7
Q

Which vertebra is the “vertebra prominens”

A

C7

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8
Q

Which type of vertebrae has a heart shaped body?

A

Thoracic vertebrae

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9
Q

Which type of vertebrae has a spinous process that slopes postero-inferiorly?

A

Thoracic vertebrae

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10
Q

In what direction do the facets of the thoracic vertebrae face?

A

Superior- posterio-laterally

Inferior- anterio-medially

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11
Q

Which type of vertebrae has a kidney shaped body?

A

Lumbar vertebrae

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12
Q

Which type(s) of vertebrae have triangular foramen?

A

Cervical and lumbar

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13
Q

Which type(s) of vertebrae have a circular foramen?

A

Thoracic

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14
Q

In which direction do the facets of lumbar vertebrae face?

A

Superior- postero-medially

Inferior- anterolaterally

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15
Q

Where is anesthesia often injected in the sacrum?

A

Sacral hiatus

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16
Q

What is the zygapophyseal joint?

A

The joint between the superior and inferior articular facets of adjacent vertebrae

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17
Q

What type of joint is a zygapophyseal joint?

A

Plane type, synovial

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18
Q

What type of joint is a intervertebral disc?

A

Symphyseal joint

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19
Q

Which ramus of the spinal nerve is significantly larger than the other?

A

Anterior is much bigger than posterior

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20
Q

What are 4 variations that can happen to the vertebrae?

A

Cervival rib
Lumbar rib
Lumbarization of S1
Sacralization of L5

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21
Q

What are the primary curvatures of the spine?

A

Thoracic and sacral

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22
Q

What are the secondary curvatures of the spine?

A

Cervical and lumbar

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23
Q

What is the ligament that surround the dens?

A

Cruciform ligament of atlas (and transverse ligament of atlas)

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24
Q

What ligament connects the dens process to the occipital bone?

A

Alar ligament

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25
Q

What is the end of the spinal cord called?

A

Conus medullaris

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26
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

L1/L2 disc level

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27
Q

What is the connective tissue that supports the spinal cord and extends to the coccyx?

A

Filum terminale

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28
Q

What are the two parts of the IV disc?

A

Anulus fibrosus- harder outer layer

Nucleus pulposus- thick gel inside

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29
Q

If you have a herniated disk a the L4/L5 joint, which spinal nerve is affected?

A

The L5 spinal nerve

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30
Q

What are the (3) meninges layers covering the spinal cord and brain? (Superficial to deep)

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater

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31
Q

Where is cerebral spinal fluid in the vertebral column?

A

Subarachnoid space

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32
Q

What are the (5) extrinsic back muscles?

A

Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Rhomboid major and minor
Levator scapulae

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33
Q

What are the (2) intermediate group muscles of the back?

A

Serratus posterior superior

Serratus posterior inferior

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34
Q

What are the 2 layers of the intrinsic muscles of the back?

A

Superficial- erector spinae and splenius muscles

Deep- transversospinales group of muscles

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35
Q

What innervates the intrinsic muscles of the back?

A

Dorsal rami of spinal nerves

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36
Q

What are the (3) parts to the erector spinae?

A

Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis

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37
Q

What are the (3) parts of the iliocostalis?

A

Iliocostalis Lumborum
“ Thoracis
“ Cervicis

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38
Q

Iliocostalis origin (proximal)

A

Posterior surface of sacrum and iliac crest

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39
Q

Iliocostalis insertion (distal)

A

All 12 ribs and transverse processes of C4-C7

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40
Q

Iliocostalis actions

A

Bilaterally - extension of vertebral column

Unilaterally - lateral flexion of vertebral column

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41
Q

Iliocostalis nerve supply

A

Dorsal rami of spinal nerves

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42
Q

What are the (3) parts of longissimus?

A

Longissimus thoracis
“ cervicis
“ capitis

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43
Q

Longissimus origin (proximal)

A

Sacrum
Transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae
T1-T5
C4-C7

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44
Q

Longissimus insertion (distal)

A

Transverse processes of all thoracic vertebrae
C2-C6
Angles of ribs
Mastoid process

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45
Q

Longissimus actions

A

Bilaterally - extension of vertebral column

Unilaterally - lateral flexion of vertebral column, head, and neck

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46
Q

Longissimus nerve supply

A

Dorsal rami of spinal nerves

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47
Q

What are the (3) parts of spinalis?

A

Spinalis thoracis
“ cervicis
“ capitis

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48
Q

Spinalis origin (proximal)

A

Spinous processes of upper lumbar and lower thoracic verebrae

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49
Q

Spinalis insertion (distal)

A

Spinous processes of upper thoracic and cervical vertebrae (except atlas)

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50
Q

Spinalis actions

A

Bilaterally - extension of vertebral column

Unilaterally - lateral flexion of head and neck

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51
Q

Spinalis nerve supply

A

Dorsal rami of spinal nerves

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52
Q

Splenius capitis origin (proximal)

A

Ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes of C7, T1-T4

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53
Q

Splenius capitis insertion (distal)

A

Mastoid process of temporal bone and occipital bone

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54
Q

Splenius capitis actions

A

Bilaterally - extends head

Unilaterally - rotates and laterally flexes head

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55
Q

Splenius capitis nerve supply

A

Dorsal rami of cervical spinal nerves

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56
Q

Splenius cervicis origin (proximal)

A

Spinous processes of T3-T6

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57
Q

Splenius cervicis insertion (distal)

A

Transverse process of C1-C3

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58
Q

Splenius cervicis actions

A

Bilaterally - extends neck and head

Unilaterally - rotates and laterally flexes head

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59
Q

Splenius cervicis nerve supply

A

Dorsal rami of cervical spinal nerves

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60
Q

What are the 3 transversospinales muscles?

A

Semispinalis
Multifidus
Rotatores

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61
Q

What are the 3 parts of semispinalis?

A

Semispinalis thoracis
“ cervicis
“ capitis

62
Q

Semispinalis origin (proximal)

A

Transverse processes of C4-T10 vertebrae

63
Q

Semispinalis insertion (distal)

A

Spinous processes of C2-T4

Occipital bone

64
Q

Semispinalis actions

A

Extension and rotation of vertebral column and head

65
Q

Semispinalis nerve supply

A

Dorsal rami of spinal nerves

66
Q

Multifidus origin (proximal)

A

Sacrum and transverse processes of C3-L5.

67
Q

Multifidus insertion (distal)

A

Spinous process of the vertebrae 3 levels above

68
Q

Multifidus actions

A

Bilaterally - extends vertebral column

Unilaterally - rotates vertebral column

69
Q

Multifidus nerve supply

A

Dorsal rami of spinal nerves

70
Q

Rotatores origin (proximal)

A

Sacrum and transverse processes of C3-L5

71
Q

Rotatores insertion (distal)

A

Spinous process of the vertebra one level above

72
Q

Rotatores actions

A

Bilaterally - extends vertebral column

Unilaterally - rotates vertebral column

73
Q

Rotatores nerve supply

A

Dorsal rami of spinal nerves

74
Q

What are the borders of the suboccipital triangles?

A

Lateral - obliquus capitis superior
Inferior - obliquus capitis inferior
Medially - rectus capitis posterior major (and minor even more medially)

75
Q

What can be found in the suboccipital triangles?

A 
Vertebral artery 
Suboccipital nerve (C1)
76
Q

What muscles cover the suboccipital triangle? (Superficial to deep)

A

Trapezius
Splenius capitis and cervicis
Semispinalis capitis

77
Q

Rectus capitis posterior major origin (proximal)

A

Spinous process of C2

78
Q

Rectus capitis posterior major insertion (distal)

A

Occipital bone

79
Q

Rectus capitis posterior major actions

A

Extends and rotates head

80
Q

Rectus capitis posterior major nerve supply

A

Suboccipital nerve (C1)

81
Q

Rectus capitis posterior minor origin (proximal)

A

Posterior arch of atlas (C1)

82
Q

Rectus capitis posterior minor insertion (distal)

A

Occipital bone

83
Q

Rectus capitis posterior minor actions

A

Extends head

84
Q

Rectus capitis posterior minor nerve supply

A

Suboccipital nerve (C1)

85
Q

Obliquus capitis inferior origin (proximal)

A

Spinous process of C2

86
Q

Obliquus capitis inferior insertion (distal)

A

Transverse process of C1

87
Q

Obliquus capitis inferior actions

A

Rotates head

88
Q

Obliquus capitis inferior nerve supply

A

Suboccipital nerve (C1)

89
Q

Obliquus capitis superior origin (proximal)

A

Transverse process of C1

90
Q

Obliquus capitis superior insertion (distal)

A

Occipital bone

91
Q

Obliquus capitis superior actions

A

Extends head

92
Q

Obliquus capitis superior nerve supply

A

Suboccipital nerve (C1)

93
Q

What (2) muscles provide flexion of the abdomen

A

Rectus abdominis
Psoas major
Gravity

94
Q

What (6) muscles provide lateral flexion of the vertebral column?

A 
Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Multifidus
External and internal obliques
Rhomboids
Serratus anterior
95
Q

What (6) muscles provide rotation of the vertebral column?

A 
Rotatores (Main)
Multifidus
Iliocostalis 
Longissimus
External and internal oblique of the opposite side 
Splenius
96
Q

What is included in the peripheral nervous system?

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves

12 pairs of cranial nerves (not 2nd: optic nerve)

97
Q

What are the parts of the brain stem?

A

Medulla
Pons
Midbrain

98
Q

What are the parts of the hind brain?

A

Pons
Medulla
Cerebellum

99
Q

What are the ventricles in the brain?

A

R & L lateral ventricles
Third ventricle
4th ventricle

100
Q

What connects the lateral and third ventricles?

A

Interventricular foramen

101
Q

What connects the third and fourth ventricles?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

102
Q

Where is the cervical enlargement?

A

C5-T1

103
Q

Where is the lumbar enlargement?

A

L2-S3

104
Q

What is the lumbar cistern?

A

The dilated subarachnoid space between L2 and S2

105
Q

Which spinal root is sensory and which is motor?

A

Dorsal root = sensory

Ventral root = motor

106
Q

Are axial muscles arranged medially or laterally in the spinal cord?

A 
Axial = medial
Distal = lateral
107
Q

What splits the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres?

A

Median longitudinal fissure

108
Q

What are the 5 lobes?

A 
Frontal lobe 
Occipital lobe
Parietal lobe 
Temporal lobe 
Insula
109
Q

What separates the motor and sensory cortexes?

A

Central sulcus

110
Q

What would the result be of damage of my middle cerebral artery?

A

Decreased sensation to UE, trunk, and face

111
Q

What would the result be of damage of my anterior cerebral artery?

A

Decreased sensation to LE

112
Q

Is an MRI or CT scan better for imaging bone?

A

CT

113
Q

What should be in line for the pelvis to be in the anatomical position?

A

Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and pubic tubercles

114
Q

What is the plane of separation between the greater and lesser pelvis?

A

Pelvic inlet

115
Q

What are the borders of the pelvic inlet?

A 
Sacral promontory
Ala of the sacrum
Arcuate line
Pectineal line
Pubic crest
116
Q

What ligament creates the greater sciatic foramen?

A

Sacrotuberous ligament

117
Q

What ligament creates the lesser sciatic foramen?

A

Sacrospinous ligament

118
Q

What are the borders of the pelvic outlet?

A

Pubic arch (ischiopubic rami)
Ischial tuberosity
Sacrotuberous ligament
Coccyx

119
Q

What are the 5 pelvic viscera in males?

A 
Urinary bladder
Rectum
Prostate
Seminal vesicle
Vas deferens
120
Q

What are the 5 pelvic viscera in females?

A 
Urinary bladder
Rectum
Uterus
Uterine tube (fallopian tube)
Ovary
121
Q

What are the two muscles of the pelvic diaphragm?

A

Levator ani

Coccygeus

122
Q

What does the pelvic diaphragm separate?

A

Pelvis (lesser) from perineum

123
Q

Pelvic diaphragm actions/functions

A

Supports pelvic viscera
Resists rise in intraabdominal pressure
Sphincter at the anorectal junction, urethral and vaginal orifices

124
Q

What is the muscle that forms a sling at the anorectal junction?

A

Puborectalis

125
Q

What are the subdivisions of the levator ani?

A

Pubococcygeus

Iliococcygeus

126
Q

What are the subdivisions of the pubococcygeus in males and in females?

A

Males - puborectalis and puboprostatucus

Females - puborectalis and pubovaginalis

127
Q

What spinal nerves contribute to the pudendal nerve?

A

S2, S3, S4

128
Q

What goes through both the greater and lesser sciatic foramen?

A

Pudendal nerve

Internal pudendal artery

129
Q

What is spondylolysis?

A

Separation of part of the vertebral arch from the body

130
Q

What is spondylolisthesis?

A

The body of the vertebrae gets displaced anteriorly due to spondylolysis

131
Q

What supplies 75% of blood to the brain?

A

Internal carotid arteries

132
Q

What are the 6 parts of the Circle of Willis?

A 
Anterior cerebral 
Internal carotid
Middle cerebral
Anterior communicating 
Posterior communicating 
Posterior cerebral
133
Q

What connects the right and left anterior cerebral arteries?

A

Anterior communicating artery

134
Q

Which horn is bigger in the spinal cord?

A

Ventral/Anterior horn is bigger

135
Q

How can you tell the orientation of the spinal cord?

A

There is a vertical line on the anterior side and the ventral/anterior horn is bigger

136
Q

What is the result of lower motor neuron damage?

A

Flaccid paralysis: no contraction of the muscle because the connection is lost between the upper motor neuron and the muscle.

137
Q

Where are lower motor neurons found?

A

The anterior horn

138
Q

Where is the most densely packed axons in the brain?

A

Internal capsule

139
Q

What is in the lateral corticospinal tract?

A

Axons of upper motor neurons

140
Q

Where can the 10% of neurons be found that did not decussate?

A

Anterior corticospinal tract

141
Q

What does the lateral corticospinal tract supply?

A

Distal parts of limbs (of opposite side)

142
Q

What does the anterior corticospinal tract supply?

A

Axial muscles of both sides (does not decussate)

143
Q

If the corticospinal tract is cut (UMN) does it cause hypo or hyper tonicity?

A

Hypertonicity due to the uninhibited lower motor neuron

144
Q

If the corticospinal tract is cut between the cortex and he lower end of the pyramid, which side is paralysed?

A

opposite side spastic paralysis

145
Q

If the corticospinal tract is cut in the spinal cord, which side is paralysed?

A

Same side spastic paralysis

146
Q

What is the result from an upper motor lesion?

A

Spastic paralysis, hyperreflexia, increased muscle tone (spasticity)

147
Q

What is the result from a lower motor lesion?

A

Flaccid paralysis
No reflexes or diminished
Absent or decreased muscle tone (flaccidity)

148
Q

What are the 2 major nuclei of the basal ganglia/nuclei?

A

Caudate nucleus

Lentiform nucleus

149
Q

What separates the caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus, and thalamus?

A

Internal capsule

150
Q

What is a hyperkinetic disorder of the basal ganglia?

A

Huntington’s disease

Increased movement

151
Q

What is a hypokinetic disorder of the basal ganglia?

A

Parkinson’s disease

Lack of movements

Anatomy 5000 (3 decks)

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