Trunk Flashcards
1
Q
Which vertebrae are typical cervical?
A
C3-C6
2
Q
What is the other name for the C1 vertebra?
A
Atlas
3
Q
What is the other name for the C2 vertebra?
A
Axis
4
Q
What is the name of the areas of the vertebrae that connect to the upper and lower vertebrae?
A
Superior & inferior articular facets
5
Q
What is the name of the joint between the C1 & C2 vertebrae called?
A
Atlantoaxial joint
6
Q
Which type of vertebrae has a bifid spinous process?
A
Cervical vertebrae
7
Q
Which vertebra is the “vertebra prominens”
A
C7
8
Q
Which type of vertebrae has a heart shaped body?
A
Thoracic vertebrae
9
Q
Which type of vertebrae has a spinous process that slopes postero-inferiorly?
A
Thoracic vertebrae
10
Q
In what direction do the facets of the thoracic vertebrae face?
A
Superior- posterio-laterally
Inferior- anterio-medially
11
Q
Which type of vertebrae has a kidney shaped body?
A
Lumbar vertebrae
12
Q
Which type(s) of vertebrae have triangular foramen?
A
Cervical and lumbar
13
Q
Which type(s) of vertebrae have a circular foramen?
A
Thoracic
14
Q
In which direction do the facets of lumbar vertebrae face?
A
Superior- postero-medially
Inferior- anterolaterally
15
Q
Where is anesthesia often injected in the sacrum?
A
Sacral hiatus
16
Q
What is the zygapophyseal joint?
A
The joint between the superior and inferior articular facets of adjacent vertebrae
17
Q
What type of joint is a zygapophyseal joint?
A
Plane type, synovial
18
Q
What type of joint is a intervertebral disc?
A
Symphyseal joint
19
Q
Which ramus of the spinal nerve is significantly larger than the other?
A
Anterior is much bigger than posterior
20
Q
What are 4 variations that can happen to the vertebrae?
A
Cervival rib
Lumbar rib
Lumbarization of S1
Sacralization of L5
21
Q
What are the primary curvatures of the spine?
A
Thoracic and sacral
22
Q
What are the secondary curvatures of the spine?
A
Cervical and lumbar
23
Q
What is the ligament that surround the dens?
A
Cruciform ligament of atlas (and transverse ligament of atlas)
24
Q
What ligament connects the dens process to the occipital bone?
A
Alar ligament
25
What is the end of the spinal cord called?
Conus medullaris
26
Where does the spinal cord end?
L1/L2 disc level
27
What is the connective tissue that supports the spinal cord and extends to the coccyx?
Filum terminale
28
What are the two parts of the IV disc?
Anulus fibrosus- harder outer layer
| Nucleus pulposus- thick gel inside
29
If you have a herniated disk a the L4/L5 joint, which spinal nerve is affected?
The L5 spinal nerve
30
What are the (3) meninges layers covering the spinal cord and brain? (Superficial to deep)
Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater
31
Where is cerebral spinal fluid in the vertebral column?
Subarachnoid space
32
What are the (5) extrinsic back muscles?
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Rhomboid major and minor
Levator scapulae
33
What are the (2) intermediate group muscles of the back?
Serratus posterior superior
| Serratus posterior inferior
34
What are the 2 layers of the intrinsic muscles of the back?
Superficial- erector spinae and splenius muscles
| Deep- transversospinales group of muscles
35
What innervates the intrinsic muscles of the back?
Dorsal rami of spinal nerves
36
What are the (3) parts to the erector spinae?
Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis
37
What are the (3) parts of the iliocostalis?
Iliocostalis Lumborum
“ Thoracis
“ Cervicis
38
Iliocostalis origin (proximal)
Posterior surface of sacrum and iliac crest
39
Iliocostalis insertion (distal)
All 12 ribs and transverse processes of C4-C7
40
Iliocostalis actions
Bilaterally - extension of vertebral column
| Unilaterally - lateral flexion of vertebral column
41
Iliocostalis nerve supply
Dorsal rami of spinal nerves
42
What are the (3) parts of longissimus?
Longissimus thoracis
“ cervicis
“ capitis
43
Longissimus origin (proximal)
Sacrum
Transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae
T1-T5
C4-C7
44
Longissimus insertion (distal)
Transverse processes of all thoracic vertebrae
C2-C6
Angles of ribs
Mastoid process
45
Longissimus actions
Bilaterally - extension of vertebral column
| Unilaterally - lateral flexion of vertebral column, head, and neck
46
Longissimus nerve supply
Dorsal rami of spinal nerves
47
What are the (3) parts of spinalis?
Spinalis thoracis
“ cervicis
“ capitis
48
Spinalis origin (proximal)
Spinous processes of upper lumbar and lower thoracic verebrae
49
Spinalis insertion (distal)
Spinous processes of upper thoracic and cervical vertebrae (except atlas)
50
Spinalis actions
Bilaterally - extension of vertebral column
| Unilaterally - lateral flexion of head and neck
51
Spinalis nerve supply
Dorsal rami of spinal nerves
52
Splenius capitis origin (proximal)
Ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes of C7, T1-T4
53
Splenius capitis insertion (distal)
Mastoid process of temporal bone and occipital bone
54
Splenius capitis actions
Bilaterally - extends head
| Unilaterally - rotates and laterally flexes head
55
Splenius capitis nerve supply
Dorsal rami of cervical spinal nerves
56
Splenius cervicis origin (proximal)
Spinous processes of T3-T6
57
Splenius cervicis insertion (distal)
Transverse process of C1-C3
58
Splenius cervicis actions
Bilaterally - extends neck and head
| Unilaterally - rotates and laterally flexes head
59
Splenius cervicis nerve supply
Dorsal rami of cervical spinal nerves
60
What are the 3 transversospinales muscles?
Semispinalis
Multifidus
Rotatores
61
What are the 3 parts of semispinalis?
Semispinalis thoracis
“ cervicis
“ capitis
62
Semispinalis origin (proximal)
Transverse processes of C4-T10 vertebrae
63
Semispinalis insertion (distal)
Spinous processes of C2-T4
| Occipital bone
64
Semispinalis actions
Extension and rotation of vertebral column and head
65
Semispinalis nerve supply
Dorsal rami of spinal nerves
66
Multifidus origin (proximal)
Sacrum and transverse processes of C3-L5.
67
Multifidus insertion (distal)
Spinous process of the vertebrae 3 levels above
68
Multifidus actions
Bilaterally - extends vertebral column
| Unilaterally - rotates vertebral column
69
Multifidus nerve supply
Dorsal rami of spinal nerves
70
Rotatores origin (proximal)
Sacrum and transverse processes of C3-L5
71
Rotatores insertion (distal)
Spinous process of the vertebra one level above
72
Rotatores actions
Bilaterally - extends vertebral column
| Unilaterally - rotates vertebral column
73
Rotatores nerve supply
Dorsal rami of spinal nerves
74
What are the borders of the suboccipital triangles?
Lateral - obliquus capitis superior
Inferior - obliquus capitis inferior
Medially - rectus capitis posterior major (and minor even more medially)
75
What can be found in the suboccipital triangles?
```
Vertebral artery
Suboccipital nerve (C1)
```
76
What muscles cover the suboccipital triangle? (Superficial to deep)
Trapezius
Splenius capitis and cervicis
Semispinalis capitis
77
Rectus capitis posterior major origin (proximal)
Spinous process of C2
78
Rectus capitis posterior major insertion (distal)
Occipital bone
79
Rectus capitis posterior major actions
Extends and rotates head
80
Rectus capitis posterior major nerve supply
Suboccipital nerve (C1)
81
Rectus capitis posterior minor origin (proximal)
Posterior arch of atlas (C1)
82
Rectus capitis posterior minor insertion (distal)
Occipital bone
83
Rectus capitis posterior minor actions
Extends head
84
Rectus capitis posterior minor nerve supply
Suboccipital nerve (C1)
85
Obliquus capitis inferior origin (proximal)
Spinous process of C2
86
Obliquus capitis inferior insertion (distal)
Transverse process of C1
87
Obliquus capitis inferior actions
Rotates head
88
Obliquus capitis inferior nerve supply
Suboccipital nerve (C1)
89
Obliquus capitis superior origin (proximal)
Transverse process of C1
90
Obliquus capitis superior insertion (distal)
Occipital bone
91
Obliquus capitis superior actions
Extends head
92
Obliquus capitis superior nerve supply
Suboccipital nerve (C1)
93
What (2) muscles provide flexion of the abdomen
Rectus abdominis
Psoas major
Gravity
94
What (6) muscles provide lateral flexion of the vertebral column?
```
Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Multifidus
External and internal obliques
Rhomboids
Serratus anterior
```
95
What (6) muscles provide rotation of the vertebral column?
```
Rotatores (Main)
Multifidus
Iliocostalis
Longissimus
External and internal oblique of the opposite side
Splenius
```
96
What is included in the peripheral nervous system?
31 pairs of spinal nerves
| 12 pairs of cranial nerves (not 2nd: optic nerve)
97
What are the parts of the brain stem?
Medulla
Pons
Midbrain
98
What are the parts of the hind brain?
Pons
Medulla
Cerebellum
99
What are the ventricles in the brain?
R & L lateral ventricles
Third ventricle
4th ventricle
100
What connects the lateral and third ventricles?
Interventricular foramen
101
What connects the third and fourth ventricles?
Cerebral aqueduct
102
Where is the cervical enlargement?
C5-T1
103
Where is the lumbar enlargement?
L2-S3
104
What is the lumbar cistern?
The dilated subarachnoid space between L2 and S2
105
Which spinal root is sensory and which is motor?
Dorsal root = sensory
| Ventral root = motor
106
Are axial muscles arranged medially or laterally in the spinal cord?
```
Axial = medial
Distal = lateral
```
107
What splits the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres?
Median longitudinal fissure
108
What are the 5 lobes?
```
Frontal lobe
Occipital lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Insula
```
109
What separates the motor and sensory cortexes?
Central sulcus
110
What would the result be of damage of my middle cerebral artery?
Decreased sensation to UE, trunk, and face
111
What would the result be of damage of my anterior cerebral artery?
Decreased sensation to LE
112
Is an MRI or CT scan better for imaging bone?
CT
113
What should be in line for the pelvis to be in the anatomical position?
Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and pubic tubercles
114
What is the plane of separation between the greater and lesser pelvis?
Pelvic inlet
115
What are the borders of the pelvic inlet?
```
Sacral promontory
Ala of the sacrum
Arcuate line
Pectineal line
Pubic crest
```
116
What ligament creates the greater sciatic foramen?
Sacrotuberous ligament
117
What ligament creates the lesser sciatic foramen?
Sacrospinous ligament
118
What are the borders of the pelvic outlet?
Pubic arch (ischiopubic rami)
Ischial tuberosity
Sacrotuberous ligament
Coccyx
119
What are the 5 pelvic viscera in males?
```
Urinary bladder
Rectum
Prostate
Seminal vesicle
Vas deferens
```
120
What are the 5 pelvic viscera in females?
```
Urinary bladder
Rectum
Uterus
Uterine tube (fallopian tube)
Ovary
```
121
What are the two muscles of the pelvic diaphragm?
Levator ani
| Coccygeus
122
What does the pelvic diaphragm separate?
Pelvis (lesser) from perineum
123
Pelvic diaphragm actions/functions
Supports pelvic viscera
Resists rise in intraabdominal pressure
Sphincter at the anorectal junction, urethral and vaginal orifices
124
What is the muscle that forms a sling at the anorectal junction?
Puborectalis
125
What are the subdivisions of the levator ani?
Pubococcygeus
| Iliococcygeus
126
What are the subdivisions of the pubococcygeus in males and in females?
Males - puborectalis and puboprostatucus
| Females - puborectalis and pubovaginalis
127
What spinal nerves contribute to the pudendal nerve?
S2, S3, S4
128
What goes through both the greater and lesser sciatic foramen?
Pudendal nerve
| Internal pudendal artery
129
What is spondylolysis?
Separation of part of the vertebral arch from the body
130
What is spondylolisthesis?
The body of the vertebrae gets displaced anteriorly due to spondylolysis
131
What supplies 75% of blood to the brain?
Internal carotid arteries
132
What are the 6 parts of the Circle of Willis?
```
Anterior cerebral
Internal carotid
Middle cerebral
Anterior communicating
Posterior communicating
Posterior cerebral
```
133
What connects the right and left anterior cerebral arteries?
Anterior communicating artery
134
Which horn is bigger in the spinal cord?
Ventral/Anterior horn is bigger
135
How can you tell the orientation of the spinal cord?
There is a vertical line on the anterior side and the ventral/anterior horn is bigger
136
What is the result of lower motor neuron damage?
Flaccid paralysis: no contraction of the muscle because the connection is lost between the upper motor neuron and the muscle.
137
Where are lower motor neurons found?
The anterior horn
138
Where is the most densely packed axons in the brain?
Internal capsule
139
What is in the lateral corticospinal tract?
Axons of upper motor neurons
140
Where can the 10% of neurons be found that did not decussate?
Anterior corticospinal tract
141
What does the lateral corticospinal tract supply?
Distal parts of limbs (of opposite side)
142
What does the anterior corticospinal tract supply?
Axial muscles of both sides (does not decussate)
143
If the corticospinal tract is cut (UMN) does it cause hypo or hyper tonicity?
Hypertonicity due to the uninhibited lower motor neuron
144
If the corticospinal tract is cut between the cortex and he lower end of the pyramid, which side is paralysed?
opposite side spastic paralysis
145
If the corticospinal tract is cut in the spinal cord, which side is paralysed?
Same side spastic paralysis
146
What is the result from an upper motor lesion?
Spastic paralysis, hyperreflexia, increased muscle tone (spasticity)
147
What is the result from a lower motor lesion?
Flaccid paralysis
No reflexes or diminished
Absent or decreased muscle tone (flaccidity)
148
What are the 2 major nuclei of the basal ganglia/nuclei?
Caudate nucleus
| Lentiform nucleus
149
What separates the caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus, and thalamus?
Internal capsule
150
What is a hyperkinetic disorder of the basal ganglia?
Huntington’s disease
| Increased movement
151
What is a hypokinetic disorder of the basal ganglia?
Parkinson’s disease
| Lack of movements
