Upper Extremity Flashcards
T/F: Twisting of dermatomes is reflected due to the twisting of limbs during development
True
Cutaneous nerves ride to the arm via what plexus?
What does this allow for?
Brachial
Most areas receive innervation from more than one nerve root
If a muscle INSERTS on the scapula than it ________ the scapula.
What are examples of these muscles?
Inserts = Moves
Rhomboids
Trapezius
Pectoralis Minor
Levator Scapulae
If a muscle ORIGINATES on the scapula than it moves the _____.
What are examples of these muscles?
Arm
Subscapularis Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Teres Major Latissimus Dorsi (partial Origin on scapula) Coracobrachialis
What FOUR muscles compose the rotator cuff?
SITS
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis
All SUPERFICIAL muscles of the back originate where?
Vertebae
Trapezius (C7, T1-12) Lat. dosri (T6-12) Levator scapulae (C1-4) Rhomboid Minor (C7-T1) Rhomboid Major (T2-5)
What is the only SUPERFICIAL muscle of the back that inserts on the proximal humerus?
Latissimus Dorsi
What SUPERFICIAL muscle of the back is innervated by the accessory nerve?
Trapezius
What THREE SUPERFICIAL muscles of the back are innervated by the Dorsal Scapular Nerve?
Levator Scapulae
Rhomboid Minor
Rhomboid Major
What nerve is the Latissimus dorsi innervated by?
Thoracodorsal Nerve
Which THREE SUPERFICIAL muscles of the back ELEVATE and ADDUCT the scapula?
Levator Scapulae
Rhomboid Minor
Rhomboid Major
The latissimus dorsii ________ (flexes/extends) the arm, ________ (abducts/adducts) the arm, __________ (medially/laterally) rotates the arm
Extends
Adducts
Medially Rotates
The bicep muscle is innervated by which nerve?
Musculocuntaneous Nerve
Which muscle of the upper arm originates on the acromion + clavicle and inserts on the humerus?
This is responsible for flexion and abduction of the arm
What nerve is this muscle innervated by?
Deltoid
Innervated by the axillary nerve
Which tendon in the rotator cuff is most prone to injury?
Supraspinatus
All of the SITS muscles insert where?
Originate where?
Insertion: Humerus (Greater of Lesser Tubercle)
Originate: Scapula (Each has its own fossa, except teres minor)
What branches of the brachial plexus innervate the SITS muscles?
C5 and C6
What makes up the anterior boundary of the axilla?
Posterior?
Anterior: Pectoral Muscles
Posterior: Lat. dorsi, teres major, subscapularis
What makes up the medial boundary of the axilla?
Lateral?
Medial: Serratus Anterior
Lateral: Bicipital Groove of the humerus
Which artery travels through the axilla?
Axillary Artery
The brachial plexus travels between which TWO muscles of the neck?
In the chest, it will then travel deep to which muscle?
Travels deep to the Anterior scalene but superficial to the middle scalene
Travels deep to the pectoralis minor in the chest
The axillary artery is a continuation of what artery?
When does this officially become the axillary artery?
Subclavian Artery
Becomes the axillary artery once it travels OVER the first rib
The axillary artery helps determine the _______ of the brachial plexus
Cords
Where do the lateral and medial cords travels in relation to the axillary artery?
Posterior cords?
Lateral and Medial cords travel laterally and medially respectively
The posterior cord travels posteriorly to the axillary artery
After crossing the teres minor, what does the axillary artery become?
Brachial Artery
What are the branches of the axillary artery?
HINT: STLSAP
S –> Superior Thoracic
T –> Thoracoacromial
L –> Lateral Thoracic
S –> Subscapular
A –> Anterior Circumflex
Humeral
P –> Posterior Circumflex Humeral
Usually lymphatics will follow ______ (veins/arteries)
Veins
Are there more superficial or deep lymphatics?
Superficial
Lymphatics from the arm will typically drain where?
From the place, where will they drain?
Axiallary Node Collections which drain into the subclavian nodes
If someone undergoes an axillary node dissection, what are they prone to?
Angioedema
What makes up the THREE borders of the antecubital fossa?
Medial: Pronator Teres
Lateral: Brachioradialis
Superior: Line between the epicondyles
What makes up the neurovascular bundle that travels through the antecubital fossa?
Median Cubital Vein
Brachial Artery
Median Nerve
What are the roots of the brachial plexus?
C5 C6 C7 C8 T1
What TWO roots make up the Upper Trunk of the brachial plexus
C5
C6
What root of makes up the middle trunk of the brachial plexus?
C7
Which TWO roots make up the lower trunk of the brachial plexus?
C8
T1
Where does ‘crossover’ occur in the brachial plexus?
At the level of the divisions
T/F: The three trunks of the brachial plexus split into two divisions which each split into 3 sub divisions for a total of 6 divisions
True
Which division of the brachial plexus supplies the flexors?
Anterior Division
Which division of the brachial plexus supplies the extensors?
Posterior Division
What are the FIVE major branches of the brachial plexus?
(Hint: MARMU)
Which cord is each a branch of?
Musculocutaneous (Lateral Cord)
Axillary (Posterior Cord)
Radial (Posterior Cord)
Median (Lateral + Medial Cords)
Ulnar (Medial Cord)
Which branch of the brachial plexus innervates the flexors of the upper arm?
Musculoscutaneous
Which branch of the brachial plexus innervates the shoulder muscles?
Axillary
Which branch of the brachial plexus innervates the extensors?
Radial
Which branch of the brachial plexus innervates the flexors of the forearm?
Median
Which branch of the brachial plexus innervates the intrinsic muscles of the hand?
Ulnar
At which portion of the nerve is tramatic injury most common?
The Nerve Root
Are upper or lower nerve roots more commonly injured?
Upper Nerve Roots
Which nerve roots are injured in Erb’s Palsy?
C5, C6
Which nerve roots are injured in Klumpke’s Palsy?
C8, T1
If the axillary nerve was injured, what motions could you NOT preform?
Rotate the shoulder
Abduct the arm
If the musculocutaneous nerve was injured, what motions could you NOT preform?
Flexion of the arm
Supination of the forearm
If the radial nerve was injured, what motions could you NOT preform?
Extension (Hand, Fingers)
Sports injuries, falls on the neck, and childbirth are common injuries of what palsy?
Which nerve roots are involved?
Which branched of the brachial plexus are involved
Erb’s Palsy
Roots: C5, C6
Branches:
Musculocutaneous
Axillary
If the ulnar nerve was injured, what motions could you NOT preform?
Flexion of the fingers
Extension of the fingers
Flexion at the wrist
If the medial nerve was injured, what deficit would be present?
Sensation loss
Medial arm and hand, particularly thumb, index, and middle fingers
A patient who falls off a ladder but is able to catch themselves on a rung below with one arm may have what type of palsy?
What may be an example of a non-traumatic version of this?
Klumpke’s Palsy (C8, T1)
Overhead Painter may be an example of a non-traumatic cause of Klumpke’s Palsy
What TWO muscles are the flexors of the upper arm?
Biceps Brachii
Brachialis
What muscle is the extensor of the upper arm?
Triceps Brachii
Which cord of the brachial plexus innervates the posterior compartment of the upper arm?
Posterior Cord (Axillary, Radial Nerve)
Which cord of the brachial plexus innervates the anterior compartment of the upper arm?
Medial Cord (Musculocutaneous, Some Median)
Lateral Cord (Ulnar, Some Median
Which artery supplies the deep palmar arch in the hand?
Superficial palmar arch?
Deep: Radial Artery
Superficial: Ulnar Artery
Which nerve travels with the radial artery?
Ulnar Artery?
Radial Artery with Median Nerve
Ulnar Artery with Ulnar Nerve
What muscles compose the anterior compartment of the upper arm?
What is its innervation?
Actions?
Anterior Compartment:
Biceps Brachii
Brachioradialis
Innervated by musculocutaneous
Flexion of the upper arm
What muscles compose the posterior compartment of the upper arm?
What is its innervation?
Actions?
Posterior Compartment:
Triceps Brachii
Innervated by the radial nerve
Extension of the upper arm
Which bone in the forearm is your “elbow bone”?
Ulna
Olecranon Process
Which muscles are involved in pronation of the hand?
Which bone do they insert on?
Pronator Teres
Pronator Quadratus
They both insert on the radius
What muscles make up the posterior compartment of the forearm?
Are these flexors or extensors?
Brachioradialis
Extensor Digitorum
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
Extensors
What muscles make up the anterior compartment of the forearm?
Are these primarily flexors or extensors?
Brachioradialis
Pronator Teres
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Flexors
The radial artery is a branch of what artery?
Brachial
The radial nerve travels ________ (medially/laterally) to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus?
Laterally
Which area is the radial nerve responsible for sensation?
Dorsal side of the 1-3rd fingers (however it does not extend completely distally to the finger tips)
What are the EIGHT carpal bones?
“Some Leaders Take Positions They Cant Handle”
Scaphoid Lunate Triquetral Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate
The carpal bones are ________ (concave/convex) anteriorly
Concave
Which ligament covers the carpal bones?
What nerve passes just deep to this along with the flexor tendons?
Transverse carpal ligament
Median Nerve
What TWO tendons make up the lateral and medial borders of the “anatomical Snuffbox”?
What artery is also located here?
Lateral: Extensor Pollicis Brevis
Medial: Extensor Pollicus Longus
Contains the radial artery
Which TWO muscles flex the wrist?
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Which TWO muscles extend the wrist?
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Extensor Carpi Radialis
Where does the biceps brachii originate?
Insert?
Innervated?
Originates: humerus, glenoid
Inserts: Radial Tuberosity
Innervation: Musculocutaneous Nerve
Doe the biceps brachii aid in supination or pronation?
Supination