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Pathophysiology II - MSK > Upper Extremity > Flashcards

Upper Extremity Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Twisting of dermatomes is reflected due to the twisting of limbs during development

A

True

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2
Q

Cutaneous nerves ride to the arm via what plexus?

What does this allow for?

A

Brachial

Most areas receive innervation from more than one nerve root

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3
Q

If a muscle INSERTS on the scapula than it ________ the scapula.

What are examples of these muscles?

A

Inserts = Moves

Rhomboids
Trapezius
Pectoralis Minor
Levator Scapulae

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4
Q

If a muscle ORIGINATES on the scapula than it moves the _____.

What are examples of these muscles?

A

Arm

Subscapularis
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Teres Major
Latissimus Dorsi (partial Origin on scapula)
Coracobrachialis
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5
Q

What FOUR muscles compose the rotator cuff?

A

SITS

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis

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6
Q

All SUPERFICIAL muscles of the back originate where?

A

Vertebae

Trapezius (C7, T1-12)
Lat. dosri (T6-12)
Levator scapulae (C1-4)
Rhomboid Minor (C7-T1)
Rhomboid Major (T2-5)
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7
Q

What is the only SUPERFICIAL muscle of the back that inserts on the proximal humerus?

A

Latissimus Dorsi

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8
Q

What SUPERFICIAL muscle of the back is innervated by the accessory nerve?

A

Trapezius

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9
Q

What THREE SUPERFICIAL muscles of the back are innervated by the Dorsal Scapular Nerve?

A

Levator Scapulae
Rhomboid Minor
Rhomboid Major

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10
Q

What nerve is the Latissimus dorsi innervated by?

A

Thoracodorsal Nerve

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11
Q

Which THREE SUPERFICIAL muscles of the back ELEVATE and ADDUCT the scapula?

A

Levator Scapulae
Rhomboid Minor
Rhomboid Major

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12
Q

The latissimus dorsii ________ (flexes/extends) the arm, ________ (abducts/adducts) the arm, __________ (medially/laterally) rotates the arm

A

Extends

Adducts

Medially Rotates

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13
Q

The bicep muscle is innervated by which nerve?

A

Musculocuntaneous Nerve

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14
Q

Which muscle of the upper arm originates on the acromion + clavicle and inserts on the humerus?

This is responsible for flexion and abduction of the arm

What nerve is this muscle innervated by?

A

Deltoid

Innervated by the axillary nerve

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15
Q

Which tendon in the rotator cuff is most prone to injury?

A

Supraspinatus

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16
Q

All of the SITS muscles insert where?

Originate where?

A

Insertion: Humerus (Greater of Lesser Tubercle)

Originate: Scapula (Each has its own fossa, except teres minor)

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17
Q

What branches of the brachial plexus innervate the SITS muscles?

A

C5 and C6

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18
Q

What makes up the anterior boundary of the axilla?

Posterior?

A

Anterior: Pectoral Muscles

Posterior: Lat. dorsi, teres major, subscapularis

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19
Q

What makes up the medial boundary of the axilla?

Lateral?

A

Medial: Serratus Anterior

Lateral: Bicipital Groove of the humerus

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20
Q

Which artery travels through the axilla?

A

Axillary Artery

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21
Q

The brachial plexus travels between which TWO muscles of the neck?

In the chest, it will then travel deep to which muscle?

A

Travels deep to the Anterior scalene but superficial to the middle scalene

Travels deep to the pectoralis minor in the chest

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22
Q

The axillary artery is a continuation of what artery?

When does this officially become the axillary artery?

A

Subclavian Artery

Becomes the axillary artery once it travels OVER the first rib

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23
Q

The axillary artery helps determine the _______ of the brachial plexus

A

Cords

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24
Q

Where do the lateral and medial cords travels in relation to the axillary artery?

Posterior cords?

A

Lateral and Medial cords travel laterally and medially respectively

The posterior cord travels posteriorly to the axillary artery

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25
Q

After crossing the teres minor, what does the axillary artery become?

A

Brachial Artery

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26
Q

What are the branches of the axillary artery?

HINT: STLSAP

A

S –> Superior Thoracic
T –> Thoracoacromial

L –> Lateral Thoracic
S –> Subscapular

A –> Anterior Circumflex
Humeral
P –> Posterior Circumflex Humeral

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27
Q

Usually lymphatics will follow ______ (veins/arteries)

A

Veins

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28
Q

Are there more superficial or deep lymphatics?

A

Superficial

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29
Q

Lymphatics from the arm will typically drain where?

From the place, where will they drain?

A

Axiallary Node Collections which drain into the subclavian nodes

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30
Q

If someone undergoes an axillary node dissection, what are they prone to?

A

Angioedema

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31
Q

What makes up the THREE borders of the antecubital fossa?

A

Medial: Pronator Teres

Lateral: Brachioradialis

Superior: Line between the epicondyles

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32
Q

What makes up the neurovascular bundle that travels through the antecubital fossa?

A

Median Cubital Vein
Brachial Artery
Median Nerve

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33
Q

What are the roots of the brachial plexus?

A 
C5
C6
C7
C8
T1
34
Q

What TWO roots make up the Upper Trunk of the brachial plexus

A

C5

C6

35
Q

What root of makes up the middle trunk of the brachial plexus?

A

C7

36
Q

Which TWO roots make up the lower trunk of the brachial plexus?

A

C8

T1

37
Q

Where does ‘crossover’ occur in the brachial plexus?

A

At the level of the divisions

38
Q

T/F: The three trunks of the brachial plexus split into two divisions which each split into 3 sub divisions for a total of 6 divisions

A

True

39
Q

Which division of the brachial plexus supplies the flexors?

A

Anterior Division

40
Q

Which division of the brachial plexus supplies the extensors?

A

Posterior Division

41
Q

What are the FIVE major branches of the brachial plexus?

(Hint: MARMU)

Which cord is each a branch of?

A

Musculocutaneous (Lateral Cord)

Axillary (Posterior Cord)

Radial (Posterior Cord)

Median (Lateral + Medial Cords)

Ulnar (Medial Cord)

42
Q

Which branch of the brachial plexus innervates the flexors of the upper arm?

A

Musculoscutaneous

43
Q

Which branch of the brachial plexus innervates the shoulder muscles?

A

Axillary

44
Q

Which branch of the brachial plexus innervates the extensors?

A

Radial

45
Q

Which branch of the brachial plexus innervates the flexors of the forearm?

A

Median

46
Q

Which branch of the brachial plexus innervates the intrinsic muscles of the hand?

A

Ulnar

47
Q

At which portion of the nerve is tramatic injury most common?

A

The Nerve Root

48
Q

Are upper or lower nerve roots more commonly injured?

A

Upper Nerve Roots

49
Q

Which nerve roots are injured in Erb’s Palsy?

A

C5, C6

50
Q

Which nerve roots are injured in Klumpke’s Palsy?

A

C8, T1

51
Q

If the axillary nerve was injured, what motions could you NOT preform?

A

Rotate the shoulder

Abduct the arm

52
Q

If the musculocutaneous nerve was injured, what motions could you NOT preform?

A

Flexion of the arm

Supination of the forearm

53
Q

If the radial nerve was injured, what motions could you NOT preform?

A

Extension (Hand, Fingers)

54
Q

Sports injuries, falls on the neck, and childbirth are common injuries of what palsy?

Which nerve roots are involved?

Which branched of the brachial plexus are involved

A

Erb’s Palsy

Roots: C5, C6

Branches:

Musculocutaneous
Axillary

55
Q

If the ulnar nerve was injured, what motions could you NOT preform?

A

Flexion of the fingers
Extension of the fingers
Flexion at the wrist

56
Q

If the medial nerve was injured, what deficit would be present?

A

Sensation loss

Medial arm and hand, particularly thumb, index, and middle fingers

57
Q

A patient who falls off a ladder but is able to catch themselves on a rung below with one arm may have what type of palsy?

What may be an example of a non-traumatic version of this?

A

Klumpke’s Palsy (C8, T1)

Overhead Painter may be an example of a non-traumatic cause of Klumpke’s Palsy

58
Q

What TWO muscles are the flexors of the upper arm?

A

Biceps Brachii

Brachialis

59
Q

What muscle is the extensor of the upper arm?

A

Triceps Brachii

60
Q

Which cord of the brachial plexus innervates the posterior compartment of the upper arm?

A

Posterior Cord (Axillary, Radial Nerve)

61
Q

Which cord of the brachial plexus innervates the anterior compartment of the upper arm?

A

Medial Cord (Musculocutaneous, Some Median)

Lateral Cord (Ulnar, Some Median

62
Q

Which artery supplies the deep palmar arch in the hand?

Superficial palmar arch?

A

Deep: Radial Artery

Superficial: Ulnar Artery

63
Q

Which nerve travels with the radial artery?

Ulnar Artery?

A

Radial Artery with Median Nerve

Ulnar Artery with Ulnar Nerve

64
Q

What muscles compose the anterior compartment of the upper arm?

What is its innervation?

Actions?

A

Anterior Compartment:

Biceps Brachii
Brachioradialis

Innervated by musculocutaneous

Flexion of the upper arm

65
Q

What muscles compose the posterior compartment of the upper arm?

What is its innervation?

Actions?

A

Posterior Compartment:

Triceps Brachii

Innervated by the radial nerve

Extension of the upper arm

66
Q

Which bone in the forearm is your “elbow bone”?

A

Ulna

Olecranon Process

67
Q

Which muscles are involved in pronation of the hand?

Which bone do they insert on?

A

Pronator Teres
Pronator Quadratus

They both insert on the radius

68
Q

What muscles make up the posterior compartment of the forearm?

Are these flexors or extensors?

A

Brachioradialis
Extensor Digitorum
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus

Extensors

69
Q

What muscles make up the anterior compartment of the forearm?

Are these primarily flexors or extensors?

A

Brachioradialis
Pronator Teres
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

Flexors

70
Q

The radial artery is a branch of what artery?

A

Brachial

71
Q

The radial nerve travels ________ (medially/laterally) to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus?

A

Laterally

72
Q

Which area is the radial nerve responsible for sensation?

A

Dorsal side of the 1-3rd fingers (however it does not extend completely distally to the finger tips)

73
Q

What are the EIGHT carpal bones?

A

“Some Leaders Take Positions They Cant Handle”

Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetral
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
74
Q

The carpal bones are ________ (concave/convex) anteriorly

A

Concave

75
Q

Which ligament covers the carpal bones?

What nerve passes just deep to this along with the flexor tendons?

A

Transverse carpal ligament

Median Nerve

76
Q

What TWO tendons make up the lateral and medial borders of the “anatomical Snuffbox”?

What artery is also located here?

A

Lateral: Extensor Pollicis Brevis

Medial: Extensor Pollicus Longus

Contains the radial artery

77
Q

Which TWO muscles flex the wrist?

A

Flexor Carpi Radialis

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

78
Q

Which TWO muscles extend the wrist?

A

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

Extensor Carpi Radialis

79
Q

Where does the biceps brachii originate?

Insert?

Innervated?

A

Originates: humerus, glenoid

Inserts: Radial Tuberosity

Innervation: Musculocutaneous Nerve

80
Q

Doe the biceps brachii aid in supination or pronation?

A

Supination

Pathophysiology II - MSK (4 decks)

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