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Pathophysiology II - MSK > Lower Extremity > Flashcards

Lower Extremity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the deep fascia of the leg which covers the thigh and gluteal muscles?

What does this aid in?

A

Fascia Lata

Venous Return

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2
Q

The femoral neurovascular bundle travels beneath what structure?

A

The inguinal ligament

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3
Q

From laterally to medial, name the structures the pass through the inguinal ligament.

A

Femoral Nerve
Femoral Artery
Femoral Vein
Inguinal Lymph Nodes

(Remember NAVL)

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4
Q

The ________ vein quickly branches off the femoral vein and passes through the _______ canal

A

Saphenous

Femoral

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5
Q

What are the THREE main nerves of the lower extremity?

From which plexus do they originate?

A

Obturator (Lumbar Plexus)

Femoral (Lumbar Plexus)

Sciatic (Sacral Plexus)

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6
Q

T/F: All motor and almost all sensory BELOW THE KNEE in innervated by branches of the femoral nerve

A

False

It is innervated by the sciatic nerve

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7
Q

The femoral nerve is a branch of the ________ plexus and supplies the _________ compartment of the thigh.

Which lumbar vertebrae is this derived from?

A

Lumbar Plexus

Anterior Compartment

L2, L3, L4

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8
Q

The sciatic nerve is derived from the ________ plexus and will supply the __________ compartment of the thigh and lower leg

A

Lumbosacral Plexus

Posterior Compartment

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9
Q

What are the ‘roots’ of the lumbosacral plexus?

A 
L4
L5
S1
S2
S3
S4
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10
Q

The gluteal and sub-gluteal muscles are innervated by branches of the _______ plexus

A

Sacral

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11
Q

T/F: External genitalia are innervated by the lumbar plexus?

A

False

They are innervated by the sacral plexus

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12
Q

Which fibers of the sacral plexus compose the pudendal Nerve?

A

S2, S3, S4

Remember…. “S2, S3, S4 keep you pudendum off the floor”

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13
Q

Holding the hips in flexion for and extended period of time could injury what nerves?

A

Femoral Nerve

Obturator Nerve

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14
Q

Applying deep lateral lower leg pressure for an extended period of time could injury which nerve of the lower leg?

A

Common Fibular Nerve

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15
Q

Which branch of the common illiacs supplies the gluteal and subgluteal muscles?

A

Internal Illiac

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16
Q

Which branch of the common illiacs supplies blood to the legs?

A

External illiac

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17
Q

Which TWO branches of the posterior internal illiac supply the gluteal muscles?

A

Superior gluteal artery

Inferior gluteal artery

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18
Q

Which branch of the anterior internal illiac supplies the perinuem and the external gentilia?

A

Internal Pudenal Artery

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19
Q

Which branch of the anterior interior illiac supplies the adductor muscles?

A

Obturator Artery

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20
Q

The external illiac artery becomes the _______ artery once it passes through the ________ ligament

A

Femoral Artery

Inguinal Ligament

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21
Q

Which branches of the femoral artery supply the head and neck of the femur?

A

Medial Femoral Artery

Lateral Femoral Circumflex

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22
Q

Which branch of the femoral artery supplies the adductors, hamstrings, and quadriceps?

A

Deep Femoral Artery

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23
Q

As the femoral artery continues to travel inferiorly down the leg, it will eventually become what artery?

A

The Popliteal Artery

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24
Q

The popliteal artery will give off what branches, which supply the knee?

A

Geniculars

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25
As the popliteal artery travels inferiorly it will split into what TWO arteries? Where and what do each of these supply?
Anterior Tibal Artery - Anterior Leg muscles Posterior Tibal Artery - Flexor Muscles, arch of the feet
26
The obturator artery travels through which foramen of the pelvis?
Obturator Foramen
27
T/F: The obturator artery supplies blood to the femoral head
True
28
What may happen to the femoral if its blood supply is compromised? What are causes of this?
Avascular Necrosis Femoral Neck Fx (Trauma) Radiation & Chemotherapy Steroid Use Alcohol Abuse
29
The great saphenous vein empties into the _________ vein and the small saphenous vein empties into the _________ vein
Great saphenous vein empties into the femoral vein Small saphenous vein empties into the popliteal vein
30
Is the femoral vein a deep or superficial vein? Saphenous vein?
Femoral Vein: Depp Saphenous Vein: Superficial
31
T/F: The femoral artery is a common cannulation site for cardiac procedures
True
32
Which muscles compose the deep posterior compartment of the lower leg? Superficial posterior compartment?
Deep: Flexor Digitorum Longus Flexor Hallicus Longus Tibialis Posterior Superficial: Gastrocnemius Soleus +/- Plantaris
33
What actions are the posterior compartments of the lower leg responsible for?
Plantar Flexion | Toe Felxion
34
Which nerve innervated the posterior compartments of the lower leg?
Tibial Nerve
35
What muscles compose the anterior compartment of the lower leg?
Tibialis Anterior Extensor Digitorum Longus Extensor Hallicus Longus
36
What actions are the anterior compartment of the lower leg responsible for?
Dosriflexion Inversion Toe Extension
37
What nerve innervates the anterior compartment?
Deep Fibular Nerve
38
What muscles are located in the lateral compartment of the lower leg?
Peroneus Longus | Peroneus Brevis
39
What actions are the lateral compartment responsible for?
Plantar flexion | Eversion
40
What nerve innervates the lateral compartment of the lower leg?
Superficial Fibular Nerve
41
All nerves innervating the compartments of the lower leg are branches of the _________ nerve
Sciatic
42
Which nerve of the lower leg is a branch off of both the tibial and common fibular nerves? This is a sensory nerve of the lower leg and foot.
Sural Nerve Again, because it is a branch off the tibial and fibular nerves it is derived from the sciatic nerve
43
The sural nerve provides sensory to what parts of the leg?
Lateral Lower Leg | Lateral Foot
44
The saphenous nerve is a branch off what nerve? Where does it provide sensory?
Femoral Nerve Medial (some anterior and posterior) Lower leg
45
Synarthroses is used to describe a __________ (immovable/slightly movable/freely movable) joint
Immovable
46
Amphiarthroses is used to describe a __________ (immovable/slightly movable/freely movable) joint
Slightly Movable
47
Diarthroses is used to describe a __________ (immovable/slightly movable/freely movable) joint
Freely Movable
48
What are FOUR ways to classify a joint based on the material binding them together and/or the presence or absence of a joint cavity
Bony Fusion Fibrous Cartilagenous Synovial
49
Ligaments connect ____ to _____
Bone to bone
50
Which has more movement? Long Ligaments or Short Ligaments
Long Ligaments
51
What is the name of the long ligament that runs between the tibia and fibula? This is often injured in high ankle sprains.
Syndesmoses
52
Do cartilagenous joints typically have a joint cavity?
No
53
Are cartilagenous joints highly mobile?
No
54
The symphysis pubis joint is a ________ (cartilagenous/synovial) joint
Cartilagenous Joint
55
Are synchondroses (cartilage union of bones) highly mobile or immobile? Name two examples of the above
Immobile Emphyseal Plates First rib with the mandibrum
56
Intervertebral discs are an example of a ________ (synchondroses/symphyses/synovial joint)
Symphyses
57
Name TWO functions of a symphyses?
Shock Absorption | Provide Strength and Flexibility
58
What are the "spongy cushions" on the ends of bones to protect them from crushing or rubbing into one another?
Articular (Hyaline) Cartilage
59
What is the potential space between to bones in a joint referred to as?
Joint Cavity
60
What is the tissue surrounding a joint called? This often has an inner and outer layer.
Articular (Joint) Capsule
61
Which layer of the joint capsule is composed of dense irregular connextive tissue that is continuous to the periosteum?
Outer Layer
62
Which layer of the joint capsule has a synovial membrane of loose connective tissue, makes synovial fluid, and lines all internal joint surfaces NOT covered by cartilage?
Inner
63
What portion of a synovial joint is formed from blood filtrate and rich in glycoproteins? It also helps to nourish cartilage and lubricate the joint
Synovial Flood
64
Most reinforcing ligaments of a synovial joint are _________, which are thickened portions of the joint capsule
Capsular
65
T/F: Joints have a poor blood supply
False Joints have a rich blood supply
66
Joints have extensive _______ beds in the synovial membranes
Capillary
67
Other than detecting pain...... What is another job nerves due in a synovial joint?
Monitor Stretch
68
What is the function of the meniscus in the knee?
Stabilization
69
What are the flattened sacs lined by synovial membranes in joints called? These often are found where tendons, ligaments, muscles, and/or bone overlie one another to prevent friction
Bursae
70
What structure can be found on tendons to prevent friction?
Tendon Sheaths
71
What is the term for inflammation of a bursa?
Bursitis
72
What THREE things aid in joint stability?
Articular Surfaces (ie: Ball and socket) Ligaments Muscle Tone
73
Ligaments can only be stretched up to __% beyond normal until they tear
6%
74
T/F: Once a ligament is stretched, it can return to its normal length over time
False Once a ligament is stretched it'll stay stretched
75
Synovial joints allow for what types of movements
Pretty much all movements
76
Synovial Joints are classified by the shape of their articular surface..... What are some examples of these?
``` Plane Hinge Pivot Condyloid Saddle Ball-and-Socket ```
77
The hip joint (femur + acetabulum) is what type of joint?
Ball and Socket
78
The knee joint (femur + patella) is what type of joint?
Plane | Allows for gliding of the patella
79
The Knee joint (Femur + Tibia) is what type of joint?
Hinge
80
What THREE external ligaments help secure the head of the femur in the acetabulum?
Iliofemoral Pubofemoral Ischiofemoral
81
What is also carried with the ligament of the head of the femur?
Its artery
82
The femur and tibia are both considered ___________ (monocondyloid, bicondyloid, polycondyloid)
Bicondyloid
83
The patellar ligament is a continuation of the ________ tendon
Quadriceps tendon
84
What ligaments are located on the medial and lateral aspects of the knee?
Lateral (Fibular) Collateral Ligament Medial (Tibial) Collateral Ligament
85
What are the TWO cruciate ligaments of the knee?
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)
86
Which ligament of the knee prevents anterior translation of the tibia?
ACL
87
Which ligament of the knee prevents posterior translation of the tibia?
PCL
88
Which ligament of the knee is commonly injured in "stop and twist" movements?
ACL
89
What are TWO functions of the foot?
Support your body weight | Act as a lever while walking to lift body weight upward
90
Which bone of the foot articulates with the tibia and fibula?
Talus
91
Which bone of the foot lies inferior to the talus?
Calcaneus
92
What SEVEN bones compose the tarus?
``` Calcaneous Talus Navicular Cuboid Cuneifom x3 ```
93
The medial melleolus is the distal portion of which bone? The lateral malleolus is the distal protion of which bone?
Medial: Tibia Lateral: Fibula
94
During walking, the talus distributes half the weight onto the ________ and the other half onto the other tarsal bones.
Calcaneous
95
T/F: There is no true motion between tib-fib joint
True
96
What THREE 'bones' compose the talocrural joint?
Medial Malleolus Lateral Malleolus Talus
97
What TWO motions are the talocrural joint responsible for?
Plantar Flexion | Dorsi Flexion
98
What TWO bones compose the subtalar joint?
Talus | Calcaneous
99
What TWO motions are the subtalar joint responsible for?
Inversion | Eversion
100
What ligament of the foot supports the subtalar joint MEDIALLY?
Deltoid ligament
101
What ligaments of the foot supports the subtalar joint LATERALLT?
``` Anterior Talofibular (ATF) Posterior Talofibular (PTF) Calcaneofibular (CF) ```
102
What FIVE bones compose the midfoot?
Navicular Cuboid Cuneiform x3
103
The internal longitudinal arch of the foot is considered __________ (medial/lateral) while the external longitudinal arch of the foot is considered __________ (medial/lateral).
Medial Lateral
104
Is the longitudinal arch of the foot higher on the medial or lateral side?
Medial Side This is how the 'instep' is formed
105
Which toes are involved in the medial longitudinal arch? Lateral longitudinal arch?
Medial: 1,2,3 Lateral: 4, 5
106
T/F: The plantar aponeurosis helps provide medial arch support in the foot
True
107
What is the very dense organized fascial layer that runs down the middle of the sole and helps maintain medial arch supprot?
Plantar Aponeurosis
108
What is the name of the disorder that effects the fascial tissue on the sole of the feet? This is commonly due to overuse activities (ie: running) and pain typically localizes to the heel.
Plantar Fascitis
109
Are men or women more likely to get plantar fascitis?
Women
110
What 'fascial band' exsists to allow the flexor and extensor tendons of the foot to remain close to the bone?
Retinaculae Examples: Superior extensor retinaculum Flexor retinaculum Inferior extensor retinaculum

Pathophysiology II - MSK (4 decks)

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