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Phi Lambda Delta OS 203 Flashcards > Upper Extremities > Flashcards

Upper Extremities Flashcards

1
Q

What type of joint is the humeroulnar joint?

A

Ginglymus (true hinge) which only permits flexion and extension and is thus classified as a uniaxial joint

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2
Q

What parts of the condyle of the humerus articulate with the ulna and radius?

A

The trochlea articulates with the ulna while the capitulum articulates with the radius

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3
Q

Which is called the stabilizing bone of the forearm?

A

the ulna

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4
Q

Ligament within which the head of the radius is located and provides a socket (along with the radial notch of the ulna) for the radius to rotate in.

A

Annular ligament

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5
Q

What is the strongest ligament of the elbow?

A

the anterior oblique ulnar ligament which is part of the ulnar collateral ligament

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6
Q

covers the articular cavity of a synovial joint. It is composed of an outer fibrous layers and an inner synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid for lubrication

A

Articular capsule AKA joint capsule

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7
Q

What imaging modality is ideal for viewing the muscles of the forearm?

A

MRI

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8
Q

What modality is ideal for viewing the vasculature of the forearm?

A

angiogram

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9
Q

What is the correct order of nerve segments of the brachial plexus from the spine to the periphery?

A

roots -> trunks > divisions -> cords -> branches

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10
Q

What is the root of the musculocutaneous nerve?

A

C5

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11
Q

What terminal nerve innervates the extensors of the arm and forearm?

A

The radial nerve (C6-8) is injured. This presents with the characteristic clinical symptom wrist-drop.

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12
Q

Which flexor muscles in the anterior aspect of the forearm are NOT innervated by the median nerve?

A

flexor carpi ulnaris and ulnar head of the the flexor digitorum profundus

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13
Q

What is the most common cause of nerve injury?

A

peripheral traction

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14
Q

What is neuropraxia?

A

According to Seddon’s classification it is the mildest form of nerve injury wherein the nerve remains intact but does not transmit impulses proximal to injury. It is transient and reversible

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15
Q

What nerve is damaged in the condition Saturday night palsy?

A

the radial nerve (C6-8)

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16
Q

nerve injury characterized by disruption of the axon and myelin sheath but with preservation of the connective tissue fragments which results in degeneration of the axon distal to the injury site; regeneration of the axon is spontaneous and of good quality

A

Neurolysis

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17
Q

What are the five terminal branches of the brachial plexus?

A

musculocutaneous nerve; median nerve; axillary nerve; radial nerve; ulnar nerve

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18
Q

What is the most common type of birth palsy which is a result of injury to the C5 and C6 nerves?

A

Erb-Duchenne Palsy which results in the waiter’s tip deformity

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19
Q

It is a type of nerve injury wherein the axon and myelin sheath are disrupted but the connective tissue fragments and epineurium and perineurium remain intact.

A

Axonotmesis

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20
Q

What is neurotmesis?

A

This is the most severe form of nerve injury in Seddon’s classification where there is disruption of axon and myelin sheath and epineurium and perineurium. This requires surgery.

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21
Q

What bone (which is the first to ossify) connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton?

A

the clavicle

22
Q

What part of the humerus is a common site of fracture?

A

the surgical neck of the humerus

23
Q

Injury to the long thoracic nerve resulting in the paralysis of the serratus anterior leads to what medical deformation when one’s arm is raised?

A

winged scapula

24
Q

What muscles stabilize the glenohumeral joint by forming a musculotendinous rotator cuff around it?

A

SITS: supraspinatus; infaspinatus; teres minor; subscapularis

25
Q

The deltoid is most effective as an arm abductor after how many degrees of elevation?

A

15 degrees

26
Q

T or F: The biceps brachii hardly work as a flexor when the arm is supinated but act as the primary pronator.

A

False: The biceps are most effective as flexors in the supinated position. When the arm is pronated they act as the primary supinator.

27
Q

T or F: The medial head of the triceps brachii is the chief extensor of the forearm although it is not the strongest.

A

True: The medial head is the main extensor working even in the absence of resistance. The lateral head works mainly against resistance although it is the strongest among the three heads.

28
Q

What muscles are part of the deep posterior extrinsic shoulder muscles group?

A

levator scapulae and the rhomboids (major and minor)

29
Q

What is the landmark wherein the axillary artery continues as the brachial artery?

A

the inferior border of the teres major

30
Q

What does the axillary sheath contain?

A

It contains the axillary artery and vein. It also contains the three cords of the brachial plexus.

31
Q

Where does the axillary artery originate from?

A

the subclavian artery

32
Q

What is the vascular supply of the infraspinatus muscle?

A

the suprascapular artery

33
Q

What does the long thoracic nerve innervate?

A

the serratus anterior muscle

34
Q

What are the motor and sensory functions of the musculocutaneous nerve?

A

It innervates the coracobrachialis and biceps brachii and brachialis. It also provides sensory innervation to the lateral aspect of the forearm.

35
Q

T or F: The medial pectoral nerve innvervates both the pectoralis major and minor?

A

True: It is the only nerve to the pectoralis minor. The pectoralis major is innervated by the lateral pectoral nerve.

36
Q

Which carpal bone has the largest articulation with the radius?

A

the scaphoid/navicular

37
Q

Which carpal bone is the first to ossify?

A

the capitate

38
Q

Where do the tendons of the flexor and extensor mucles enter in the wrist area towards the hand?

A

The flexor muscles enter through carpal’s tunnel on the palmar side while the extensor muscles enter under the extensor retinaculum on the dorsal side.

39
Q

What muscle tendons comprise the boundaries of the anatomical snuffbox?

A

the abductor pollicis longus; extensor pollicis brevis; extensor pollicis longus

40
Q

T or F: The flexor digitorum profundus allows one to flex one’s fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joints.

A

False: The flexor digitorum superficialis flexes middle phalanges at proximial interphalangeal joints and proximal phalanges at MCP joints. The flexor digitorum profundus flexes the distal phalanges at distal interphalangeal joint.

41
Q

What muscle brings the 5th digit in opposition with the thumb?

A

the opponens digiti minimi

42
Q

What muscles adduct and abduct the fingers?

A

4 dorsal interossei abduct the fingers

3 palmar interossei adduct the fingers.

43
Q

Which artery supplies majority of the circulation of the hand?

A

the ulnar artery

44
Q

What is the main termination of the ulnar artery?

A

the superficial palmar arch

45
Q

What nerve and artery enter through Guyon’s canal?

A

the ulnar nerve and artery

46
Q

What are the boundaries and contents of the quadrangular space?

A

superior: teres minor
inferior: teres major
medial: long head of triceps brachii
lateral: surgical neck of humerus
contents: posterior circumflex humeral artery and axillary nerve

47
Q

What structures pass through the carpal tunnel?

A

4 flexor digitorum superficialis tendons; 4 flexor digitorym profundus tendons; flexor pollicis longus tendon; median nerve

48
Q

What are the Tinel’s test and Phalen’s test for?

A

These are tests to check for the presence of carpal tunnel syndrome.

49
Q

T or F: The ulnar and median nerves provide both sensory and motor innervation while the radial nerve provides only sensory innervation in the hand.

A

True: The radial nerve provides motor innervation to extrinsic muscles but its motor function is absent in the hand since only its sensory branch enters through the anatomical snuffbox.

50
Q

The hypothenar muscle group is innervated by which nerve?

A

the deep branch of the ulnar nerve

Phi Lambda Delta OS 203 Flashcards (4 decks)

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