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Phi Lambda Delta OS 203 Flashcards > General Muscle Information > Flashcards

General Muscle Information Flashcards

To test your basic knowledge regarding the following topics: cartilage and bone, muscle histology, muscle physiology, and basic architecture and biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system

1
Q

Who is the Father of Modern Anatomy?

A

Andreas Vesalius

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2
Q

Who is the Father of Archaic Anatomy?

A

Galen

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of levers in the body? Give an example for each.

A
  1. First class lever (fulcrum between the load and the force; ideal for weight-bearing): hip joint, elbow extension, spine, knee
  2. Second class lever (load between fulcrum and force): ankle joint
  3. Third class lever (force between fulcrum and load; for reaching and exploring space): shoulder joint, elbow flexion, phalanges
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4
Q

Differentiate loose connective tissue from dense connective tissue.

A

Loose connective tissues are moderately abundant, loosely interwoven fibers.

Dense connective tissues are very abundant, densely packed fibers.

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5
Q

What is the composition and structure of ground substance?

A

Composition: Proteoglycans (95% protein; 95% polysaccharides Structure: Bottle brush molecule

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6
Q

What is the major polysaccharide of ground substance? Give examples of this polysaccharide.

A

Glycosaminoglycans: They serve as the “bristles” of the bottle brush structure Examples: Chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, hyaluronic acid

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7
Q

What is the non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan that serves a the central molecule for the bottle brush model?

A

Hyaluronic acid

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8
Q

What is the function of collagen?

A

Provides strength so tissues do not fall apart.

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9
Q

What are the types of collagen?

A

Type I: Most ubiquitous; present in dermis, bone, tendon, fascia, and organ capsules

Type II: In hyaline and elastic cartilage

Type III: In loose connective tissue Type IV: In dermo-epidermal junction

*Types I-XXI: Differentiated by hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine content.

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10
Q

What is the vitamin necessary for the formation of collagen?

A

Vitamin C (You can’t spell collagen without “C”!)

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of cartilage formation? Differentiate them.

A

Appositional growth: Growth outside

Interstitial growth: Growth inside

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12
Q

Where can fibrocartilage be found?

A

Sites of insertion of ligaments and tendons into bone

annulus fibrosus of intervertebral discs

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13
Q

Which cartilage type resembles dense regular connective tissue?

A

Fibrocartilage

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14
Q

What type of collagen makes up hyaline cartilage matrix?

A

Type II, which forms no bundles because it doesn’t have any fibers

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15
Q

What is the principle glycosaminoglycan of hyaline cartilage?

A

Chondroitin sulfate

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16
Q

True or false: Bones have high compressive and tensile strength, extensive elasticity, and are heavy-weighted.

A

False. Bones have high compressive and tensile strength, LIMITED elasticity, and are LIGHTWEIGHT.

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of bone?

A

Compact bone (substancia compacta)

Spongy bone (substancia spongiosa)

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18
Q

What type of collagen makes up bone matrix?

A

Type I

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19
Q

What are 2 non-collagen proteins found only in bone matrix?

A

Osteocalcin

Osteopontin

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20
Q

What are the 4 types of bone cells?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

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21
Q

Differentiate osteoblasts from osteoclasts.

A

Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells

Osteoclasts: Cells involved in bone resorption

Osteo”B”lasts give Birth Osteo”C”lasts cause Catastrophe

22
Q

What are the 2 different methods of bone formation?

A

Intramembranous ossification: Bone is formed directly in primitive connective tissue

Endochondral ossification: Bone formation takes place in preexisting cartilage

23
Q

In endochondral ossification, primary centers of ossification occurs in the _________ of long bones.

A

Diaphysis.

Secondary centers of ossification occurs in the epiphysis.

24
Q

What are the 4 zones observed in the cytomorphosis of cartilage cells?

A

Zone of proliferation, maturation, hypertrophy, degeneration

25
Q

Proliferation of cartilage cells leads to growth in the ______\_ of the long bone?

A. Length

B. Diameter

A

A. Length.

Long bone diameter growth is the result of appositional deposition of membrane bone beneath the periosteum.

26
Q

True or false: Bone shape is maintained during growth by continual surface remodelling.

A

True

27
Q

Give the 3 types of muscle tissue.

A

Skeletal

Cardiac

Smooth

28
Q

Give the 3 coverings of skeletal muscle.

A

From outer-inner covering:

epimysium (whole muscle enclosed), perimysium (fascicle enclosed), and endomysium (muscle fibers enclosed)

29
Q

What is the smallest repeating unit of a muscle?

A

Sarcomere

30
Q

What are the striations of skeletal muscle?

A

Z-line, I-band, A-band, H-band/H-zone, M-line, sarcomeres

31
Q

What organelle does the sarcoplasmic reticulum correspond to?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (no ribosomes vs. rough endoplasmic reticulum)

32
Q

What is the protein in the sarcoplasmic reticulum that is required for sequestering calcium?

A

Calsequestrin, which is stored in the terminal cistern and released upon muscular contraction

33
Q

What organelle does the sarcosome correspond to?

A

Mitochondria

34
Q

True or false: The sarcoplasm corresponds to cytoplasm.

A

True. Sarcoplasm also contains myoglobin (stores oxygen and gives the muscle a brownish color) and glycogen (energy storage polysaccharide).

35
Q

What are the 3 proteins that make up the thin filament?

A

Actin, tropomyosin, and troponin

36
Q

What is the protein that makes up the thick filament?

A

Myosin

37
Q

Protein that extends from the M-line to the Z-line.

A

Titin.

It is incorporated in the A-line’s thick filament.

38
Q

Protein that functions to prevent overstretching of the muscle.

A

Titin.

Alpha-actinin functions to hold the titin and actin/thin filaments at the Z-line.

39
Q

What protein holds the myosin thick filaments together?

A

Myomyesin.

40
Q

What comprises the sarcotubular system/triad?

A

2 terminal cisternae (calcium reservoir)

1 T-tubule (stimulates terminal cisternae to release calcium)

41
Q

What are the 3 main processes involved in the sliding filament theory?

A

Activation

Formation of cross bridge

Power stroke

42
Q

What is the neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction?

A

Acetylcholine

43
Q

Cardiac muscle pigment that increases as one gets older.

A

Lipofuscin.

It is also called the “wear and tear pigment” or residual bodies.

44
Q

In cardiac muscle, what are the 3 types of cellular attachments in intercalated discs?

A

Fascia adherentes (actin anchoring sites where filaments attach)

Macula adherentes/desmosome (binds cardiac cells together preventing them from being pulled apart)

Gap junction (providing ionic continuity)

45
Q

True or false: Cardiac muscles contain triad systems.

A

False. Cardiac myscles contain DIAD systems (1 T-tubule, 1 terminal cisternae).

46
Q

What pre-synaptic proteins are affected by the botulinum and tetanus toxins?

A

VAMP - inhibited by tetanus and botulinum toxin (B, D, F, G)

SNAP 25 - inhibited by Botulinum toxin (A, C, E)

I can ACE my exam in a SNAP! VAMPires have “T”eeth and “B”lood (tetanus and botulinum toxins)

47
Q

Name the drugs that affect the neuromuscular junction by mimicry.

A

Metacholine, carbachol, nicotine

*Mimicry: stimulate the junction by its acetylcholine-like action Drugs:

*Mechanism: Not destroyed by acetylcholinesterase or destroyed slowly – action persists for hours – persistence of muscle contraction

48
Q

Name the drug that affects the neuromuscular junction by competitive inhibition.

A

Curariform drugs

*Mechanism: Higher affinity for Ach receptor sites –> No contraction is generated leading to paralysis

49
Q

Name the drugs that affect the neuromuscular junction by inactivating acetylcholinesterase.

A

Neostigmine

Dhysostigmine

Diisopropyl fluorophosphate (“nerve gas”)

*Mechanism: Acetylcholine not degraded, increases in quantity, accumulate –> repetitive stimulation of muscle –> increase contraction –> muscular spasm

50
Q

Botulinum toxin causes _______ paralysis.

A. Flaccid

B. Spastic

A

A. FLACCID paralysis (cleaves VAMP and SNAP 25 at the NMJ)

*Tetanus toxin causes SPASTIC paralysis by cleaving VAMP at the CNS.

*Remember: VAMPires have “T”eeth in “B”ottles. (VAMP is affected by both “B”otulinum and “T”etanus toxins).

51
Q

Type of cartilage found in tracheal rings, nose & larynx, joint surfaces, ventral ends of ribs

A

Hyaline cartilage

52
Q

Type of cartilage found in external ear, walls of auditory and Eustachian canals, epiglottis, corniculate and cuneiform cartilages

A

Elastic cartilage

Phi Lambda Delta OS 203 Flashcards (4 decks)

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