Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

END OF YEAR NEURO-ORTHO > UPDATED ORTHO > Flashcards

UPDATED ORTHO Flashcards

1
Q

Grade I Ligamentous Sprain

A

Minimal stretching or tearing of ligament fibers
Mild tenderness
Mild swelling
Mild joint stiffness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Grade II Ligamentous Sprain

A

Partial tearing of ligament fibers
Moderate tenderness
Moderate swelling
Moderate joint stiffness
Pain with joint movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Grade III Ligamentous Sprain

A

Complete tear of ligament fibers
Severe tenderness
Severe swelling
Severe joint stiffness
Inability to move the joint without severe pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Osgood Schlatters

A

Overuse injury common in growing adolescents, characterized by inflammation of the patellar tendon at the tibial tuberosity, where the tendon attaches to the tibia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pathophysiology of Osgood Schlatters

A

The exact cause is unclear
It is thought to be related to repetitive stress and microtrauma to the tibial tuberosity
Particularly occurs during periods of rapid growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Treatment of Osgood Schlatters

A

Condition is self-limiting
Treatment includes relative rest and activity modification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Prevalence Osgood Schlatters

A

Male gender
Ages 11-14 years old
Sudden skeletal growth
Repetitive activities like jumping and sprinting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Osteochondritis Dissecans

A

Occurs when a small piece of subchondral bone begins to separate from its surrounding area
Common among skeletally immature and adult patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pathophysiology of Osteochondritis Dissecans

A

Exact cause unclear
Related to disruption in blood supply to affected area
Results in necrosis and fragmentation of bone and cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Osteochondritis Dissecans

A

Pain and possible joint effusion at the site
Locking and catching of the joint, with a sensation of ‘giving way’
Decreased range of motion
Common in adolescents aged 10-20 years
Active individuals, especially those involved in high-impact sports

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Chondromalacia Patella

A

Also known as patellofemoral pain syndrome or “runner’s knee”
Cartilage under the patella softens and deteriorates, causing knee pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Prevalence in Chondromalacia Patella

A

Adolescents and young adults
Athletes, especially those in sports with repetitive knee stress like running, cycling, and skiing
More common in women than men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pathophsyiology of Chondromalacia Patella

A

The exact cause is unknown, but it is thought to be related to overuse or trauma to the knee joint, which can lead to wear and tear of the cartilage.

Other factors that may contribute to the development of chondromalacia patella include muscle imbalances, poor alignment, and repetitive stress.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Clinical Presentation of Chondromalacia Patella

A
  • Anterior Knee Pain: Pain located at the front of the knee, around or behind the patella
  • Weakness: Difficulty jumping or running
  • Crepitus: Grinding or crunching sensation felt when extending or bending the knee
  • Swelling: Mild swelling around the knee, especially after the knee
  • Tenderness: Especially pressing on the patella or surrounding area
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Transient Synovitis

A

Temporary swelling and irritation of the synovial membrane, which produces synovial fluid to lubricate the joint.
Most common cause of hip pain in children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Demographics of Transient Synovitis

A

Primarily affects children aged 3-8 years
More common in boys than girls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Underlying Pathology of Transient Synovitis

A

Exact cause unknown
Associated with viral infections (e.g., upper respiratory tract infections) or minor trauma
Pathophysiology: Inflammation of synovium leading to pain and limited joint motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Clinical Presentation of Transient Synovitis

A

Sudden onset of hip pain or limping
Pain may radiate to the thigh or knee
Limited range of motion, especially in internal rotation and abduction of the hip
Low-grade fever may be present
Generally, no systemic toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Treatment of Transient Synovitis

A

Rest and avoidance of weight-bearing activities
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for pain and inflammation
Symptoms typically resolve within 1 to 2 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Osteomyelitis Definition

A

Infection of the bone, can be acute or chronic
Typically caused by bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus most common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Demographics of Osteomyelitis

A

Can affect any age group, more common in children and older adults
Higher risk in individuals with diabetes, compromised immune system, recent bone injuries/surgeries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Underlying Pathology of Osteomyelitis

A

Often spreads to bone through the bloodstream (hematogenous spread), or from nearby tissue infection
Pathophysiology: Bacterial infection causes inflammation, bone necrosis, and abscess formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Clinical Presentation of Osteomyelitis

A

Severe localized bone pain
Swelling, redness, and warmth over affected area
Fever and general illness
In children, refusal to use affected limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Kocher Criteria Overview

A

Tool to distinguish septic arthritis from transient synovitis in children with acute hip pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Kocher Criteria rules

A

Non-Weight-Bearing on the Affected Side:
* The child refuses to walk or bear weight on the affected leg.

Fever:
* An oral temperature greater than 38.5°C

Elevated Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR):
* ESR greater than 40mm/h

Elevated Serum white Blood Cell (WBC) Count:
A WBC count greater than 12,000 cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Application of Kocher Criteria

A

0/4 Criteria: Very low likelihood of septic arthritis (<1%)
1/4 Criteria: Low likelihood of septic arthritis (about 3%)
2/4 Criteria: Moderate likelihood of septic arthritis (about 40%)
3/4 Criteria: High likelihood of septic arthritis (about 93%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE) Definition

A

A condition where the femoral head slips off the neck of the femur at the growth plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Pathophysiology of SCFE?

A

Growth plate weakness: The physis is structurally weaker during periods of rapid growth, leading to slippage of the femoral head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Pathomechanics of SCFE?

A

Mechanical Stress: Excessive mechanical forces, such as weight bearing activities can aggravate the stress on the weakened growth plate, resulting in slippage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Demographics of SCFE

A
  • Most common in adolescents during growth spurts (ages 10-16)
  • More prevalent in boys than girls
  • Higher incidence in overweight or obese children
  • More common in African American and Hispanic populations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Clinical Presentation of SCFE

A
  • Hip pain: Often referred to the knee or thigh, can be acute or chronic
  • Limping: Altered gait d/t hip discomfort & instability
  • Limited ROM: Particularly in internal rotation & Abduction
    Bilateral pain: 20-30% in cases bilateral pain can be seen and may need surgical intervention
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Physical Exam Findings of SCFE

A

Decreased ROM in Internal Rotation and abduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Definition of Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease

A

Characterized by avascular necrosis of the femoral head
Death of bone tissue due to lack of blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Demographics of Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease

A

Most commonly affects children aged 4-10 years
More prevalent in boys than girls (approximately 4:1 ratio)
Typically unilateral, can be bilateral in 10-15% of cases
Higher incidence in Caucasian populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Underlying Pathology of Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease

A

Exact cause unknown
Involves temporary disruption of blood flow to femoral head
Lack of blood supply leads to bone necrosis, resorption, and eventual regeneration
Weakens femoral head, prone to collapse and deformity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Clinical Presentation of Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease

A

Symptoms: Gradual onset of limping (antalgic gait) without trauma history
Pain in hip, groin, thigh, or knee
Pain worsens with activity, improves with rest
Limited hip range of motion, especially abduction and internal rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Physical Exam Findings of Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease

A

Physical Exam Findings

Muscle atrophy in thigh due to disuse
Positive Trendelenburg sign (pelvic drop on the unaffected side when standing on the affected leg)
Pain and limited movement during hip abduction and internal rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Definition of Adhesive Capsulitis?

A

A condition characterized by stiffness, pain, and limited range of motion in the shoulder joint
Thickening and tightening of the shoulder joint capsule restricts movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Demographic of Adhesive Capsulitis?

A

Affects adults aged 40-60
Higher prevalence in women
More common in individuals with diabetes, thyroid disorders, cardiovascular disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Underlying Pathology of Adhesive Capsulitis?

A

Inflammation: Initial inflammation of the synovium and joint capsule
Fibrosis: Thickening and contracture of the shoulder of the shoulder capsule forming adhesion that restricts movement

Progresses through freezing, frozen, and thawing stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Clinical Presentation of Adhesive Capsulitis?

A

Age: M/C in individuals between 40-60yo
Gender: More frequent in women
Diabetes: Related to metabloc & Biochemical changes
Previous injuries: Fx can immbolise and cause infalmmation to surrounding tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Definition of Rotator Cuff Syndrome (RCS)?

A

refers to a range of conditions that affect the rotator cuff tendons in the shoulder, leading to pain, weakness, and decreased range of motion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

The demographic of rotator cuff syndrome?

A

Adults, especially >40
Athletes and those with repetitive overhead motions (e.g., painters, carpenters, swimmers, tennis players).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Pathophysiology of rotator cuff syndrome?

A

Tendon degeneration: Repeated trauma & age related changes lead to degeneration of the rotator cuff tendon
Inflammation: Overuse or acute injury can cause inflammation of the tendon & surrounding bursa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Signs and symptoms of Rotator Cuff Syndrome?

A

Pain: localised at the front & sideside of the shoulders, worse with overhead activities or at night
Tenderness: Pain and tenderness over the affected tendon
Weakness: Difficcult lifting or rotating arm, particularly above the shoulder
Limited Range of Motion: Reduced ability to ove shoulder especially in abduction & external rotation.
Crepitus: Shoulder joint crackling or popping.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Definition of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

A

Characterised by numbness, tingling and weakness in the hand and arm.
It occurs due to compression of the median nerve as it travels through the carpal tunnel, a narrow passageway in the wrist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Demographics of carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

M/C in adults, especially women.
- Age: 30-60.
- Occupation: Associated with repetitive hand and wrist movements (e.g., Carpenters, desk jobs that requires repetitive typing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Underlying Pathology of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

A

Compression: Median nerve squeezed in the carpal tunnel.
Causes: Inflammation or swelling of tendons or other structures in the tunnel.
Contributing Factors: Diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Clinical Presentation of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

A
  • Pain: Wrist and hand, may radiate into the first 3 fingers.
  • Numbness and Tingling: Primarily in thumb, index, middle, and part of ring finger, worsens during activity or at night.
  • Weakness: Difficulty gripping objects, reduced hand strength.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Treatment Options for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

A

Conservative: Wrist splinting, activity modification.
Medications: Anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroid injections.
Surgical: Decompression of carpal tunnel in severe cases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Definition of Cubital Tunnel Syndrome?

A

Compression of the ulnar nerve at the elbow, leading to sensory and motor disturbances in the forearm and hand.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

The demographic of Cubital Tunnel Syndrome?

A

Common in adults, more prevalent in men.
Associated with jobs or activities involving frequent elbow flexion or prolonged pressure on the elbow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Underlying Pathology of Cubital Tunnel Syndrome?

A

Ulnar Nerve Compression: Occurs at the cubital tunnel, a narrow space at the inner side of the elbow.
Causes: Repetitive elbow flexion, direct pressure on the elbow, or elbow trauma causing swelling.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Clinical Test of Cubital Tunnel Syndrome?

A
  • Positive tinels test over the cubital tunnel
  • Positive elbow flexion test
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Treatment for Cubital Tunnel Syndrome?

A

Conservative Management: Activity modification, use of elbow pads, splinting to keep the elbow straight (especially at night).
Medications: NSAIDs to reduce pain and inflammation.
Physical Therapy: Exercises for nerve gliding and compression reduction.
Surgical Intervention: Decompression or ulnar nerve transposition if conservative treatments fail.

56
Q

Cubital tunnel syndrome

A

Irritation, compression, and entrapment of the ulnar nerve

57
Q

Demographic of Cubital Tunnel Syndrome

A

Common in adults, more prevalent in men.

Associated with jobs or activities involving frequent elbow flexion or prolonged pressure on the elbow.

58
Q

Underlying Pathology of Cubital Tunnel Syndrome?

A

Prolonged or repeated elbow flexion stretches & compresses the ulnar nerve

Trauma: Direct injury can also cause damage to the ulnar nerve and its surrounding structures

Inflammation: Swelling from arthritis or other inflammatory conditions can increase pressure in the cubital tunnel

59
Q

Treatment for Cubital Tunnel Syndrome?

A
  • Conservative Management: Activity modification, use of elbow pads, splinting to keep the elbow straight (especially at night).
  • Medications: NSAIDs to reduce pain and inflammation.
  • Physical Therapy: Exercises for nerve gliding and compression reduction.
  • Surgical Intervention: Decompression or ulnar nerve transposition if conservative treatments fail.
60
Q

What is Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)?

A

TOS is a group of disorders that results in compression of the neurovascular bundle that goes through the thoracic outlet (clavicle and first rib)

61
Q

Underlying Pathology of TOS?

A
  • Compression of the brachial plexus nerves, subclavian artery or subclavian vein
  • Structural abnormalities such as cervical ribs, fibrous bands, muscle hypertrophy
62
Q

Pathophysiology of TOS?

A
  • Nerve compression: Leading to pain, numbness & muscle weakness
  • Vascular compression: causing swelling blood clots & circulation issues
  • Repetitive strain & trauma aggravated symptoms
63
Q

Demographics of TOS?

A

M/C in women than men
- Typically affects adults aged 20-50yo
– Higher prevalence in individuals with occupations or activities involving repetitive overhead movements

64
Q

S/S of TOS?

A
  • Numbness & tingling in the fingers
  • Pain in neck and shoulders
  • Weakness in grip strength
  • Discolouration of the hands
  • Possible throbbing lump near the clavicle
65
Q

What are the three main types of TOS?

A

Neurogenic TOS (most common)
Venous TOS
Arterial TOS (least common)

66
Q

What are the symptoms of Neurogenic TOS?

A
  • Pain and numbness in the neck, shoulder, and arm, particularly along the ulnar nerve distribution (ring and little fingers)
  • Weakness in the hand and grip strength
  • Muscle wasting in the fleshy base of the thumb (Hypothenar eminence) in severe cases
67
Q

What are the symptoms of Venous TOS?

A
  • Swelling of the arm and hand
  • Bluish discolouration of the arm (Cyanosis)
  • Aching or throbbing pain in the arm and hand, especially after activity
68
Q

What are the symptoms of Arterial TOS?

A

Pain in the fingers, hand, or arm

Coldness in the fingers, hand, or arm

Paleness or discolouration of the hand

69
Q

Morton’s Neuroma

A

Benign neuroma (benign nodular tumors) within the intermetatarsal plantar nerve, most commonly between the third and fourth metatarsal heads

70
Q

Pathophysiology of Mortons Neuroma?

A
  • Compression of the digital nerve leading to altered nerve function
  • Chronic irritation & mechanical pressure causing nerve inflammation & pain sensations
71
Q

Underlying Pathology of Mortons Neuroma?

A

Thickening (fibrosis) of the tissue around the digital nerve
- Inflammation & swelling of the perineural tissue

72
Q

Demographics of Mortons Neuroma?

A

M/C in Women than men
- Typically affects 40-60yo
- Higher prevalence in individuals who wear high heels or tight shoes

73
Q

Clinical Presentation of Mortons Neuroma?

A
  • Sharp, burning pain in the ball of the foot
  • Tingling or numbness in the toes (Pebble under foot)
  • Pain gets worse with activity or wearing tight shoes
  • Possible relief from removing shoes & massaging the foot
74
Q

Exertional Compartment Syndrome

A

A condition which increased pressure within muscle compartments during physical activity restricts blood flow & causes pain & other symptoms. Commonly affects the lower legs

75
Q

Underlying pathology of Exertional Compartment syndrome?

A
  • Increased intracompartmental pressure
  • Reduced blood flow & oxygen to muscles and nerves
  • Compartmental swelling and restricted perfusion (Blood flow through the vascular system)
76
Q

Pathophysiology of Exertional compartment syndrome?

A
  • During exercise, muscles expand & pressure within the compartments increases
  • In ECS, the pressure does not decrease properly after exercise, leading to prolonged ischemia and pain
77
Q

Demographics of Exertional Compartment Syndrome?

A

M/C young athletes & those involved in repetitive impact activities (running or cycling)
Affects both males and females, typically in their teens to mid-30s

78
Q

How does nerve compression occur in Exertional Compartment Syndrome?

A

Elevated pressure within the compartment can compress nerves, causing pain and sensory disturbances.

79
Q

Clinical presentation of Exertional Compartment Syndrome?

A
  • Aching, burning or cramping pain in affected compartment (typically lower leg)
  • Visible swelling or bulging in the affected area during or after exercise
  • Tightness, swelling in affected area
  • Symptoms usually start during exercise and subside with rest
80
Q

Rhuematoid Arthritis

A

Chronic, systemic autoimmune disease characterised by inflammation of the synovial joints, leading to progressive joint damage, pain and disability

81
Q

Demographics of RA?

A
  • M/C in Women (3:1 ratio to men)
  • Typically 30-60yo but can occur in any age
  • Prevalence is about 1% of all population
82
Q

Pathology of Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A
  • Autoimmune response: The immune system mistakenly attacks the synovium (lining of membranes that surround the joints) causing inflammation
  • Inflammatory enzymes degrade cartilage & bone, causing joint deformity & loss of function
83
Q

Underlying pathology of RA?

A

immune system attacks the synovium, causing inflammation, pannus formation, and progressive joint damage leading to pain, stiffness, and deformity.

84
Q

S/S of RA?

A
  • Symmetrical joint pain & swelling, particularly affecting small joints in the hands and feet
  • Fatigue, fever, weight loss
  • Morning stiffness lasting more than 30mins
  • Joint deformities (swan neck, ulnar deviation)
85
Q

What is temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJ)?

A

Complex formed by the articulation between the mandible & the temporal bone.

Condition is charactersied by pain and dysfunction in the temporomandibular joint which allow for movement of the jaw

86
Q

Prevalence by TMJ?

A

TMJ disorders can affect people of all ages, but they are most commonly seen in individuals between the ages of 20 and 40 years
More prevalent in women than men.

87
Q

Piriformis Syndrome?

A

A neuromuscular disorder that occurs when the piriformis muscle compresses & irritates the sciatic nerve. This can lead to pain, tingling & numbness along the path of the sciatic nerve which goes from the lower back down through the buttocks and into the legs

88
Q

Pathophysiology of Piriformis Syndrome?

A

The pathophysiology involves compression & irritation of the sciatic nerve by the piriformis muscle, this can be d/t
- Muscle hypertrophy
- Inflammation or fibrosis of the piriformis muscle
- Direct trauma or overuse leading to muscle inflammation & nerve compression

89
Q

S/S of piriformis Syndrome?

A

Buttock pain: Deep, aching pain in the buttock.
Sciatic pain: Radiates down the back of the thigh, calf, and foot.
Numbness and tingling: In the buttocks and along the sciatic nerve path.
Difficulty sitting: Increased pain when sitting for long periods.
Pain with movement: More pain during walking, climbing stairs, or running.
Reduced range of motion: Limited hip movement due to muscle tightness.

90
Q

Demographics of Piriformis Syndrome?

A
  • Women are more likely than men to develop piriformis syndrome
  • 30-50 but people of all ages can get this condition
91
Q

Clinical Presentation of Piriformis Syndrome?

A

History of trauma or repetitive activities involving hip rotation & flexion
- Tenderness over the sciatic notch
- Positive SLR that increases with Internal Rotation of Hip
- MRI to rule out other causes

92
Q

What is olecranon bursitis

A

AKA as ‘students elbow’ is a conditon characterised by the inflammation of the olecrannon bursa which is a small fluid filled sac located at the bony tip of the elbow (Olecrannon), this bursa allows for smooth movement

93
Q

Pathophysiology of Olecrannon bursitis

A

Inflammatory conditions: Conditions such as Rhuematoid Arthritis & Gout can cause crystal deposition & inflammation in the bursa

Prolonged Pressure: Frequent leaning on hard surfaces can irrirate the bursa

Trauma: Direct blow or repeated minor trauma to the elbow can cause acute or chronic bursitis

94
Q

S/S of Olecrannon Bursitis

A

Swelling: Visible swelling at the tip, often resembles a soft fluid filled lump
Pain: Pain and tenderness which may be increased with pressure or movement
Redness/Warmth: If infected skin over the bursa can become red, warm and painful
Restricted Motion: Severe swelling or pain can limit elbow movement
Fever: In cases of septic bursitis, systemic signs of infection such as fever or malaise may be present

95
Q

What is Costochondritis?

A

Inflammatory condition characterised by pain in the chest wall, specifically where the ribs attach to the sternum at the costosternal costochondral, or costovertebral joints. It’s a common cause of chest pain that is benign and self limiting

96
Q

Pathophysiology of Costochondritis?

A

The exact pathophysiology of costochondritis is unclear, but it involves inflammation of the cartilage that connects the ribs to the sternum

97
Q

S/S of Costchondritis?

A

Chest pain: Sharp, aching pain or pressure like pain localised to the front

Tenderness: Pain on palpation of the costochondral junction, typically affecting the second to fifth rib

Aggravated w/ Movement: Pain worsens with physcial activity

Unilateral/Bilateral: PAin can occur on one side or both sides of the chest

98
Q

Demographics of Costochondritis?

A

Age: Can occur in any age but m/c seen in adults, less frequently seen in children & the elderly
Gender: Women more likely to be affected by costochondritis than men

99
Q

What is Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome?

A

Caused by compression of the posterior tibial nerve as it travels through the tarsal tunnel syndrome (Narrow space on the inside of the ankle)

100
Q

Pathophysiology of Tarsal Tunnel?

A
  • Nerve Compression: Posterior tibial nerve is compressed within the tarsal tunnel
  • Anatomical structure: Tarsal Tunnel is formed by flexor retinaculum, medial malleolus, talus and calcaneous
  • Cause of compression (Can include inflammation, space occupying lesions (Ganglion Cyst) or bony abnormality)
101
Q

S/S of Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome?

A
  • Pain: Burning or aching pain along the sole of the foot
  • Numbness & Tingling: Sensory disturbances in distribution of post tibial nerve
  • Swelling: Swelling in the area of the tarsal tunnel may present
102
Q

Cli

Clinical Presentation of Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome?

A
  • Pain and sensory changes: Patient typically present with pain, tingling or burning sensation in the sole of the foot
  • Worsens w/ activity: Symptoms often worsen with prolonged standing or walking & may improve with rest
  • Mucle weakness: In severe cases, muscle weakness may occur in the foot muscles
103
Q

What is the cluster for Subacromial Impingement Syndrome (SIS)

A

Neer’s Test: The examiner passively flexes the patient’s arm while stabilizing the scapula.
Hawkins-Kennedy Test: The examiner flexes the patient’s arm and elbow to 90 degrees and then internally rotates the arm.
Painful Arc Sign: Pain is observed as the patient actively abducts the arm between 60 and 120 degrees.
Infraspinatus Muscle Test: The patient resists external rotation of the arm.

104
Q

Describe the Cluster for Rotator Cuff Tear

A

Drop Arm Test: The patient slowly lowers the arm from a 90-degree abduction.
Painful Arc Sign: Similar to the one in SIS, indicating pain in mid-range abduction.
Infraspinatus Test: The patient resists external rotation with the arm at the side.

105
Q

Describe the cluster of laslett

A

Distraction Test: Pressure is applied to the ASIS while the patient is supine.

Thigh Thrust Test: The hip is flexed to 90 degrees and a posterior force is applied.

Compression Test: Pressure is applied to the iliac crest while the patient is side-lying.

Sacral Thrust: A force is applied to the sacrum while the patient is prone.
Gaenslen’s Test: The leg is hyperextended while the patient is supine with the other leg flexed.

106
Q

Iliotibial Band Syndrome?

A

Common overuse injury affecting the lateral (outer) part of the knee. Primarily occurs in athletes, particularly runners & cyclists but can affect anyone engagin in activites that involves repetitive knee flexion and extension

107
Q

Underlying Pathomechanics of IT Band Syndrome?

A

IT Band is a thick band of fascia running from the hip (Iliac Crest) to the lateral side of the tibia just below the knee. This stabilises the knee and hip during movement

108
Q

S/S of IT Band Syndrome

A

Pain: Location - Sharp or burning pain on the outer part of the knee, typically felt at the lateral femoral epicondyle
Onset: Initially, pain may occur after the exercise, but with progression, it can be present during activities & even at rest
Tenderness: Localised tenderness & swelling over lateral femoral epicondyle
Snapping sensation: Some individuals may feel a snapping or popping as the IT Band moves the femoral epicondyle during knee flexion

109
Q

Clinical Examination of IT Band Syndrome?

A

Ober Test
Pain assessment, palpation of lateral knee

110
Q

What is Scheuermans Disease?

A

(Juvenile Kyphosis)
A condition where the vertebrae in the spine grows unevenly during adolescence, leading to pronounced kyphosis in the thoracic. This can cause a rounded back appeareance & sometimes discomfort or pain.

111
Q

Pathomechanics of Scheuermans Disease?

A

Vertebral Growth: Disease involves a defect in the growth of the vertebral endplates, the anterior part of the vertebral bodies grow slower than the posterior parts. This can result in wedge shaped vertebrae

Mechanical Stress: Repeated mechanical stress on the spine during growth spurts can contribute

112
Q

Demographics of Scheuermans Disease

A

Age: MC diagnosed during adolescents, typically between 10-15yo
Gender: Slightly MC in Males than Females

113
Q

S/S

S/S of Scheuermans Disease

A

Postural Changes: Increased Thoracic Kyphosis (Rounded upper back that may be rigid)
Pain and Discomfort: Location mid-to-lower thoracic spine
Stiffness: Reduced flexibility & range of motion in spine

114
Q

What is Coccydynia

A

Pain in the coccyx or tailbone, typically arises from injury or prolonged pressure. This condition can cause significant discomfort, espeically when sitting or going into acitivities that puts pressure on the lower back

115
Q

Pathomechanics of Coccydynia?

A

Trauma: Direct injury to the coccyx, such as a fall or during child can cause inflammation, dislocation or fracture of the coccygeal bone
Repetitive Stress: Prolonged sitting on hand or narrow surfaces can lead to stress or irriation of the coccyx & surrounding tissues
Degenerative Changes: Age related wear & tear on the sacroccygeal joint can contribute to coccydynia

116
Q

Demographics of Coccydynia?

A

MC in women
Age: Can happen at any age but more frequent in adults

117
Q

S/S of Coccydynia?

A

Pain: Localised to tailbone area, particularly aggravated by sitting or leaning back - Sharp, aching, brusing in nature
Tenderness: On palpation over coccyx
Pain with movement: Discomfort during activities that involves bending or twisting

118
Q

What is Hip Dysplasia?

A

A condition in which the hip joint does not develop properly, leading to abnormal alignment and wear of the joint surfaces.

It can be present at birth or develop later in life

119
Q

Pathophysiology of Hip Dysplasia?

A

The exact pathophysiology of hip dysplasia is unclear, but it is thought to be related to genetic and environmental factors that affect the growth and development of the hip joint.
It can also be caused by trauma or repetitive stress on the joint.

120
Q

S/S of Hip Dysplasia?

A

Symptoms of hip dysplasia may include
- Pain, stiffness, and instability in the hip joint
- Difficulty walking, standing, or performing activities that involve the hip joint.
- In severe cases, hip dysplasia can lead to osteoarthritis and require surgical intervention.

121
Q

Pathophysiology of Plica syndrome?

A

The exact cause is unknown, but it is thought to be related to repetitive stress or trauma to the knee joint, which can lead to inflammation or thickening of the plica. Other factors that may contribute to the development of plica syndrome include poor alignment, muscle imbalances, and overuse

122
Q

S/S of Plica Syndrome?

A
  • Pain localized on the inside or front of the knee.
  • Pain or a popping sensation in the knee, particularly during activities involving bending or straightening, such as running, jumping, or squatting.
  • Accompanying symptoms may include swelling, tenderness, or a feeling of instability in the joint.
123
Q

What is Pronator Teres Syndrome?

A

Rare entrapment neuropathy of the median nerve as it passes through the pronator teres muscle of the forearm

124
Q

Signs and symptoms of Pronator Teres Syndrome?

A

Pain and Tenderness: Pain in the proximal forearm, particularly over the pronator teres muscle, that radiate to the hand.
Numbness and tingling: Sensory changes such as numbness and tingling
Weakness: In the muscles innervated by the median nerve distal site of compression, potentially affecting grip strength

125
Q

Demographic of Pronator Syndrome?

A

40-60 years old
Slightly more prevalent in women than men
Individuals involved in repetitive forearm movements (carpenters, athletes) are at higher risk

126
Q

Pathophysiology of Pronator Teres Syndrome?

A

Pronator Teres Syndrome occurs due to compression of the median nerve as it passes through or under the pronator teres muscle. The possible sites of entrapment include:

Between the two heads of the pronator teres muscle (humeral and ulnar heads).
Under the fibrous arch of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle.

127
Q

What is Ankylosing Spondylitis?

A

Chronic inflammatory disease primarily affecting the spine and sacroiliac joints. It leads to pain, stiffness, and potentially the fusion of the spine, reducing flexibility and mobility

128
Q

Demographics of Ankylosing Spondylitis?

A

Age: Late adolesence or early adulthood 15-30
Gender: M/C in Males than females
Genetics: Strong assocation to carrying certain genes with AS

129
Q

S/S of Ankylosing Spondylitis?

A

Back Pain: Persistent, dull pain in the lower back and buttock, worse at night and in the morning, improving with activity
Stiffness: Morning stiffness lasting more than 30mins
Limited Spine Mobility: Reduced flexibility in the spine
Fatigue: Generalised tiredness and low energy

130
Q

Pathophysiology of Ankylosing Spondylitis?

A

Immune-Mediated Inflammation: Chronic inflammation primarily affects the entheses, the sites where tendons and ligaments attach to bone.
New Bone Formation: In response to inflammation, the body forms new bone, leading to the fusion of spinal vertebrae (ankylosis)

131
Q

What is Sever’s Disease ?

A

A condition that affects the growth plate in the heel bone, causing pain and discomfort

132
Q

Clinical Examination on Severes Disease?

A

Physical examination focuses on pain elicited by medial and lateral compression of the heel (positive squeeze test).

Observation for signs of limping or gait changes

133
Q

S/S of Severe’s Disease?

A
  • Heel pain, espeically with physical activity
  • Tenderness at the back of the heel
  • Swelling and redness in the heel area
  • Difficulty walking or limping
134
Q

Demographics of severes disease

A

MC affected Children 9-15
More prevalent in physically active children
Slightly higher incidence in boys due to more participation in high impact sports

135
Q
A

END OF YEAR NEURO-ORTHO (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions